Woody
Stems and branches with a woody texture commonly associated with shrubs or perennials.
Vase-shape
When a plant has upright spreading branches with an outline shape of a vase.These shrubs form various habits from prostrate to upright. They have ovate light green leaves and the pendulous tube-shaped flowers are pink, purple and many other colours. They are arranged in clusters and appear from mid spring to early winter.
Fuchsia x hybrida is a cross between Fuchsia magellaniaca x Fuchsia coccinea x Fuchsia fulgens x Fuchsia arborescens. All the species are found in South America growing in mountainous areas in well drained fertile, organic rich moist sandy to clay loam that is slightly acidic with a pH range from 6.0 to 7.0. It prefers a protected semi shaded to sunny position and is slightly frost tolerant but drought tender with a preferred minimum winter temperature of 10ºC (50ºF).
Fuchsias are grown for their flowers and are planted in small or tropical gardens along borders. They are also grown in pots or hanging baskets and used as a spill-over in rockeries or along retaining walls. They establish in 2 to 3 years and are moderately long lived. In cool climates over-winter the plants in a greenhouse avoiding heavy frosts. Once established it has a medium water requirement, (Scale: 2 drops from 3) and responds to mulching with an occasional deep watering during dry periods.
ID 1
Climate zones 15-17,22-24
UK hardiness zone H2
USDA Zone 8-11
Fuchsia (FUKS-ee-a) x hybrida (HY-bri-dah)
Etymology
Genus:- Greek - Fuchsia– named after Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566) German physician and herbalist
Species: - x hybrida– referring to a hybrid of a plant
There are three main types, upright, prostrate and weeping or trailing with pendant branches.
Cultivars
There are thousands of cultivars and hybrids of this plant, they occur in a wide range of shapes and colours. Check your local nurseries for available varieties.
'Blaze'
This plant produces flowers with bright red sepals and vibrant pink petals.
'Bolivina'
This plant may grow to a small tree of 3.5 m; leaves are grey green with long tubed scarlet flowers.
'Comet'
This shrub produces pendant flowers up to 30 mm (1 1/8 in) wide with white sepals that are suffused in pink and soft pink clustered petals.
'Colossus'
This bushy shrub produces large pendant flowers with bright red sepals and tightly packed dark purple petals. The stamens are light pink and the pedicel and associated branchlets are reddish.
'Display'
This small shrub produces flowers with a short red tube that has upward pointed sepals and the petals are pale pink.
'Flash'
This shrub has light green leaves and formes a bushy habit. Flower has magenta sepals with red petals.
'Hula Girl'
This shrub produces flowers with whitish sepals, pink petals and protruding pink stamens.
'Ice Maiden'
This double flower has ice-white sepals and pale mauve petals that are suffused with pink towards the base. The shrub is upright and bushy with slender woody stems, suitable for a small garden.
'Kenny Holmes'
This bushy shrub produces large pendant flowers with pink/white sepals and pale red petals. The stamens are red and the style is tipped in white.
'Mendocino Rose'
This semi-double flower has white sepals and purplish petals. The stamens are pink and the plant is suitable for small gardens.
'Monsteria'
This dense shrub produces double flowers that have red sepals and pale mauve petals.
'Orange Drops'
This bushy to semi - trailing shrub has single flowers with light orange tubes and sepals and dark orange petals.
'Peppermint Stick'
This shrub is upright and bushy, producing flowers that have upturned bright pink sepals and pale pink overlapping petals. The darker pink stamens and style protrude below the petals.
'Rosebud'
This semi-double flower has bright pink sepals and deep mauve petals. The stamens are red and the shrub flowers profusely.
'Strawberry Delight'
This small plant produces double pale pink flowers with ascending sepals and ruffled petals.
'Swing Time'
This shrub is a vigorous plant to 60cm and has double flowers; tubes and sepals are red with creamy white petals.
'Tom Thumb'
This shrub is small to 300 mm (1 ft) tall has an arching open habit and produces small single tubed flowers with purple-white petals and red sepals.
'Voodoo'
The flowers have rich red sepals and purple petals that are suffused with red. The stamens are pink tipped in white and the shrub is upright with an open habit.
'Waltzing Matilda'
This shrub forms a trailing habit with dark green leaves with serrate margins.
The flowers are double pale pink with pink veins.
'Whiteknight's Pearl'
This multi stemmed upright shrub forms a rounded habit with slightly toothed ovate leaves. It produces pendant flowers with soft pink sharply pointed sepals and slightly darker pink petals.
Onagraceae (on-uh-GRAY-see-ee)
Fuchsias, Evening Primrose Family
This family consists of annuals, perennial herbs and shrubs; rarely trees
Distribution
Cosmopolitan, they are found throughout the world particularly in south-western North America and Asia. Habitats range from dry to wet and from the tropics to desert, temperate regions and the arctic tundra. There are 22 genera with 640 species
Diagnostic Features
The leaves are simple and are arranged alternate to opposite or sometimes whorled (on the same plant) and the margins are entire to pinnatifid. Stipules are sometimes present and are petiolate to sessile.
The regular flowers are bisexual and are arranged solitary or in a spike, raceme and appear in the leaf axils (axillary) or accompanied by bristle like bracts. There are 4-5 sepals often valvate (may be persistent after anthesis) and 4-5 free petals that are obvious or sometimes absent. The hypanthium is nectiferous and the flower is pollinated by birds or insects (not beetles) or self pollinated and are normally evening or morning opening. Stamens are normally twice as many as sepals and appear on the hypanthium or disk. The anthers are basifixed or versatile and longitudinally dehiscent.
The ovary is inferior with 4-5 locular with one to numerous ovules. The style is single and the stigma is capitate or lobed.
The fruit may be an indehiscent berry or nut or a loculicidal capsule, normally containing numerous seeds that may have a coma or wings; endosperm absent.
Note:
There are many plants in this family that are cultivated in domestic gardens such as Fuchsia species with some species of Ludwigia and Oenothera becoming weeds in wetlands or cultivated fields.
This plant tolerates between USDA zones 8a to 11a and grows to 2 m (6 ft)
Fahrenheit 10º to 45º F
These temperatures represent the lowest average.
Celsius -9.5º to 7.2ºC
Attention revised on the 4/1/2021
All photographs and data are covered by copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, reference or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any means with out written permission. All inquiries should be addressed to plantfile.com attention Peter Kirkland.
Simple
The leaf that is not divided.
Ovate
The leaf that is broadest at the base tapering towards the apex.
Opposite
Leaves that are arranged opposite to each other.
Serrulate
A leaf margin with diminutive conditions of serrate(small serrations).
Tubulate
A flower that forms a tube shape.
Cluster or Fascicle
A general term describing flowers that are arranged in closely packed bunches.| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
| Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
The flower shape is campanulate to tubulate with a long slender pedicel. They have large colourful petals and prominent exserted stamens and cultivars are available in single or double blooms in a wide colour range. The flowers are arranged in a terminal cluster.
Note:
Single flowers have 4 petals, semi-doubles have 5 to 7 petals and doubles have 8 to 10 petals. The flowering period is from spring to summer, with some species blooming contentiously through this period while other cultivars have a second bloom during autumn. It is advisable to dead head the plant and remove developing fruit to extend the flowering period.
Berry
A fleshy succulent indehiscent fruit, contains one or more seeds"| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
| Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
The small blue to black berries produce many seeds. Under cultivation the fruit may not be allowed to develop to prolong the flowering period. The plant is usually reproduced vegetatively to maintain true to type. Careful as ripe fruit may stain clothing.
Fuchsias are grown for their flowers and are planted in small or tropical gardens along borders. They are also grown in pots or hanging baskets and used as a spillover in rockeries or along retaining walls. They establish in 2 to 3 years and are moderately long lived. In cool climates over-winter the plants in a greenhouse avoiding heavy frosts.
Note:
This plant is susceptible to Grapevine Moth, Rust, Greenhouse or Black Thrips, Twig Blight, Leaf Spot, Crown Rot (Phytophthora nicotianae), Fuller's Rose Weevil and Cyclamen Mites.
Fuchsia x hybrida requires regular light pruning to maintain a bushy habit, pinch out the centres of young plants to encourage side growth. They require an average warmth of 12º C (55º F) during winter though some plants tolerate cold and frost. Fuchsias thrive in climates with cooler summers and dislike excessive humidity? or excessive heat during winter which produces poor flowering in spring.
The plants prefer bright indirect light and a humid environment mist the leaves regularly during the growing period.
Soil should be kept moist and free draining, during winter reduce watering.
Problems associated with Fuchsias
Loss of leaves may result from a hot dry environment or inadequate light, also allowing the soil to dry out. Too much or too little watering will also cause flower buds to drop or produce poor flowering. The leaves may have whitish powder marks on the leaves from excessive salte in the soil, flush the soil with clean water during late summer.
Tip prune to encourage new growth during early spring and after flowering cut back to a node. Older plants may be cut back hard using a pruning saw to overcome legginess. The flowers appear on the new growth.
Sow fresh seed during spring and maintain a temperature of 19º to 24º C (66º to 77º F). Take soft tip or semi-hardwood cuttings during late summer to early winter from 150 mm (6 in) to 300 mm (12 in) long and apply bottom heat. Plants can be transplanted during autumn and should be well watered during the following growing period.
Propagation by Seed (General)
Germination
In order for a seed to germinate it must fulfil three conditions.
1. The embryo must be alive (a viable seed).
2. The seed must have no dormancy-inducing physiological, physical or chemical barrier to germination; also the seed must be nondormant.
3. The seed must have the appropriate environmental requirements, water, temperature and oxygen.
The interaction between these requirements and dormancy is complex which may lead to different environmental requirements that avoid the dormancy of a seed.
Sowing Seeds in Containers
There are two general methods for germinating seeds.
1. Sowing seeds in a flat or germinating bed, through which seedlings are pricked-out then, transplanted into another flat with wider spacing or directly to an individual pot.
2. Sowing seeds by placing them in to flats with the appropriate spacing or into individual pots.
This method is normally carried out with medium to large seeds such as woody plants and plants that are difficult to transplant.
Seedling production normally occurs in a greenhouse / glasshouse, cold frames and on hot beds.
Method of Seed Sowing
Fine seed is sown in pots or flats that are no deeper than 70 to 80 mm. using a sterilised well-drained media (soil). Fill the container to 20 mm from the top and sprinkle sieved peat to 3 mm depth.
Press the media down level then firm with a piece of timber and then thoroughly moisten.
Mix the fine seed with washed sand and then sow thinly on the surface. These may be lightly covered with sand.
Larger seeds may be covered with media or a hole is dibbled and the seed is placed in the media.
Watering Methods
For watering you may either mist the containers from above or place the container in tepid water and allow the water to raise through the pot to the surface of the media, then drain away and do not fill to the top of the container.
Place a piece of glass over the pot and store in a protected warm environment (glasshouse).
Seeds germinate best in darkness so shade the containers if in direct sunlight.
After the seedlings have sprouted remove the glass and ease the seedlings into direct light.
When the seedlings are large enough prick them out then transplant into larger containers and place them in a shade-house to harden off.
Many seeds have different methods of seed preparation for germination such as nicking or cutting the seed coat to allow water penetration, also placing seeds in hot water and allowing it to cool off.
This is particularly important as it is softening the seed coat.
Asexual Propagation (Cuttings)
Propagation from cuttings is possible because every cell of a plant containers the genetic information to create an entire plant.
1. Reproduction occurs through the formation of adventitious roots and shoots.
2. The uniting of vegetative parts with budding and grafting.
3. Taking stem cuttings and layering is possible due to the development of adventitious roots
4. Root cuttings can form new shoots then it is possible to join roots and shoots to form a new plant.
5. A new plant may be formed from a single cell in an aseptic culture system, (cloning).
It is important to propagate vegetatively as this form of cloning retains the unique characteristics of the cultivars or where particular aspects of a plant may be lost if propagated by seed.
Equipment Required for Taking Cuttings
1. A sharp knife that is not too large or a razor mounted in a handle.
2. Good pair of sharp secateurs that is clean.
3. A dibbler to make a hole in the media and allow the cutting to be placed in.
4. Propagation structures that are either a timber frame with glass or polyethylene cover or a glasshouse.
The object of the structure is to create an environment where the temperature and humidity can be controlled. This can be achieved with a simple cover over a pot with a wire frame and plastic.
This stops the draughts and maintains humidity.
5. A hotbed is a useful item as many plants root more quickly if the media is slightly warmer.
Bottom heat is obtained from thermostatically controlled heating cables that are running under the media.
6. Misting systems are of great benefit to cuttings as the regulated fogging with water inhibits the cuttings from drying out and as a result the cuttings may be grown in full sun.
This results in faster root development that is less subject to diseases by fungi and bacteria.
7. Rooting mediums
The rooting medium must be well drained, sand may be used as long as it is thoroughly washed and leached of all salts. It is very well drained and it is excellent for cutting that root up quickly. Equal parts of sand and peat moss have good results for cuttings, which are left for a period of time to allow the roots to form.
Vermiculite and perlite are also used as a well-drained rooting media but has the same disadvantage as sand having no nutrients. The cuttings must be potted up as soon as the roots developed, or a light application of liquid fertiliser can be applied.
Types of Cuttings
Stem cuttings
These are the main types of cuttings.
1. Softwood cuttings
These cuttings are taken from young growth on side shoots and tip growth.
2. Semi hardwood cuttings
These cuttings are taken from wood that is firmer and semi ripe usually during mid summer.
3. Hardwood cuttings
These cuttings are taken from mature wood normally towards the end of the season.
4. Root cuttings
Cut sections of roots to obtain new plants during late winter to early spring.
5. Leaf cuttings
Cut the leaf blade in order to obtain new plants during the growing period of the plant.
Cutting preparation
Hardwood cuttings
When taking hardwood cuttings remove the leaves and in semi hardwood reduce the number of leaves by half. Cut the wood straight across just below a node or joint. Hardwood cuttings are normally between 100 to 760 mm long and may have either a heel of the older wood attached to the base, or a short section of the older wood at the base. These cuttings are prepared during the dormant season from late autumn to early spring and are made up from previous season's growth.This type of cutting is used for woody deciduous plants such as Crepe Myrtle, Rose rootstocks and some fruit trees.
The cuttings should be healthy wood with ample supply of stored food as to nourish developing roots, shoots and placed in the rooting media with the aid of a dibbler stick.
Softwood cuttings
The cuttings for softwood should be 60 to 130 mm long and be of material with enough substance as to not deteriorate before the new roots appear. Cut below a node and retain the leaves on the upper portion. Place in a well-drained media and maintain a high humidity.
Soaking the cuttings and leaving them standing in water for long periods is undesirable.
Herbaceous cuttings
These cuttings are taken from succulent plants such as Geraniums and Coleus. The cutting should be 70 to 130 mm long with leaves retained on the upper end. As in softwood cuttings these require an environment of high humidity. Some fleshy cuttings ooze sap and may require a drying period for a few hours before being placed in the rooting media.
Leaf cutting
In these cuttings a leaf blade and petiole or part off is used to raise a new plant. The original leaf doses not become a part of the new plant as roots and shoots appear from the base of the leaf. In some cases roots appear from the severed veins.
Leaf-Bud cuttings
These cuttings incorporate a leaf, petiole and a small piece of the stem. These cuttings are an advantage where the plant uses the axillary bud at the base of the petiole for new shoot growth and maximises available propagation material, as each node will produce a new plant.
As in softwood cuttings these require an environment with high humidity and warmth.
Root cuttings
These cuttings are best taken from younger plants during late winter to early spring prior the new season's growth unless the dormant period is during summer.
Trim the roots as they are dug up, to maintain polarity cut strength at the crown end and a slanted cut at the distal end (away from the crown).
Root cuttings of small plants are placed in flats in lengths of 20 to 50 mm and laying horizontally on the surface of the soil. These may be lightly covered with sieved sand or media, watered and then placing a piece of glass or polyethylene over the container till roots / shoots appear.
Fleshy Root cuttings
These cuttings should be 50 to 75 mm long and placed vertically in a well-drained sand media.
Keep the polarity correct and when the roots develop transplant the cuttings into a separate container.
Large Root cuttings
These cuttings are 50 to 150 mm long are tied up in bundles and placed in boxes of damp sand, sawdust or peat for about three weeks at a temperature of 4. 5 deg C. When taken out they should be planted in a prepared bed 50 to 80 mm apart with the tops of the cuttings level with or just below the soil level.
PEST
NAME
Aphids
Various Aphid Species
ORDER
Hemiptera
FAMILY
Aphididae
Description of the Pest
The common name varies and aphids may be referred to as black fly, greenfly, ant cows or plant lice.
These small insects have soft globular body that is from 1mm to 8mm long and vary in colour from green, yellow, black and pink, with the winged forms being elongated. Both adult and nymphs, have piercing and sucking mouthparts.
Aphids are found on buds, flowers, or leaves and stems, preferring soft new growth. On older leaves the aphids are found in protected positions, such as under the leaf. Certain species of aphids form galls as they suck sap and may be found on the roots of the plant. (E.g. Woolly aphids and Black peach aphids)
Most aphids possess a pair of characteristic tubular projections, known as cornicles; these secrete a pheromone and a waxy fluid, which is thought to protect them from some of their predacious enemies.
White exoskeletons, honey dew and sooty mould indicate the presence of Aphids
Balsam Twig Aphid (Mindarus abietinus) is greenish and covered in a white wax and is normally found on the young shoots of conifers bending and killing the needles. It is found on Abies and Picea species.
Aphid and their exoskeletons
on underside of a leaf
Black Citrus Aphid (Toxoptera aurantii) has a soft plump green body and the black coloured adults may or may not be winged. They feed in groups, curling leaves and producing honeydew attracting sooty mould.
Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae) is a soft plump green insect up to 0.2mm long and may be wingless. The nymphs are yellowish green and are responsible for spreading viruses in Dianthus species.
Spruce Gall Aphid (Chermes abietis) form cone shaped galls up to 12mm long resulting from the feeding. The wingless female adult lays eggs on the stems and the immature females overwinter on bud scales. Large infestation will weaken trees such as Picea abies and Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Tulip Bulb Aphid (Anuraphis tulipae) is small, waxy grey coloured and infests the underside of the bulb scales or rhizomes. They occur in the ground or on above ground parts and during storage.
Life Cycle
These insects have a Hemimetabolous life cycle, i.e. The nymphs resemble the adults.
During spring all eggs produced hatch as female nymphs. Adult Aphids are capable reproducing without fertilisation. The males are only produced in some species as the weather cools down, and the day length shortens.
Aphids are capable of giving birth to living young and large populations build up quickly during summer. Over crowding causes the aphids to become smaller, less fertile and produce more winged forms that can migrate to other host plants.
There are many different types of aphids and the life cycle varies from warm to cold climates.
Typical life cycles
Distribution of the Pest
World wide
Period of Activity
In warm climates they are seen throughout the year, but aphids dislike hot dry or cold conditions and heavy rain will decrease the population. In cold areas aphid eggs are laid around a bud base or other protected areas of the plant during autumn and emerge as nymphs during spring, feeding on the new growth.
Numbers build up quickly in the warmer months of the year. Some species feed during winter on Sow thistles.
Susceptible Plants
There is a wide range of plants attacked, from roses to vegetables, shrubs and trees. Certain aphids attack a specific genus while others have a wide range of host plants. Many are capable of transmitting plant virus diseases.
Adults and nymphs feeding
A colony of aphids
Acer species are attacked by several aphids including the Norway Maple Aphid (Periphyllus lyropictus) which is a greenish with brown markings and secret honeydew, preferring Acer platanoides. Other aphids include (Drepanaphis acerifolia) and (Periphyllus aceris) which are commonly found on the underside of leaves.
Acer species are also attacked by the Woolly Maple Aphid (Phenacoccus acericola) which covers the undersides of the leaves with a cotton-like mass
Alnus species are infested with the Alder Blight Aphid (Prociphilus tessellates) which is blue-black adult that forms woolly masses on the down-turned leaves. The nymphs overwinter in bark crevices.
Aquilegia species are attacked by several aphids including (Pergandeidia trirhoda) which is a small, flat cream coloured insect that is found on young branches and the underside of leaves.
Betula species may be attacked by the European Birch Aphid (Euceraphis betulae) which is small and yellowish or the Common Birch Aphid (Calaphis betulaecolens) which is large and green producing ample honeydew for sooty mold to grow on.
Callistephus species may be attacked by the Corn Root Aphid (Anuraphis maidi-radicis) causing the plant to become stunted, the leaves wilt and turn yellow. The aphids feed on the roots producing honeydew and are dispersed to other host by ants. It is also attacked by the Potato Aphid (Macrosiphum solanifolii).
Carya species are attacked by Gall Aphids (Phylloxera caryaecaulis) which is found on the leaves, twigs and stems forming galls and turning them black.
Chaenomeles and Gladiolus species, new growth and leaves become infested with the aphid (Aphis Gossypii)
Cupressus macrocarpa may become infested with the Cypress Aphid (Siphonartrophia cupressi).
Cyclamen species are attacked by the aphid (Myzus circumflexus) and (Aphis gossypii) which can infest healthy plants.
Dendranthema, Dianthus and Crocus species are attacked by several types of aphid including the Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae) and the Chrysanthemum Aphid (Macrosiphoniella sanborni).
Hibiscus species are attacked by the aphids (Aphis craccivora) and (Aphis gossypii), both congregate towards the branch tips and may cause leaf curl. Normally only seen in sub-tropical climates.
Aphids on a stem
Mandevilla species
Larix species is attacked by the Woolly Larch Aphid (Adelges strobilobius). The winged adults deposit eggs at the base of the needles during spring and white woolly areas appear attached to the needles where the adult aphids feed. The young aphids overwinter in the crevices of the bark.
Mandevilla species is attacked by aphids that congregate towards the branch tips and may cause leaf curl.
Pinus species is attacked by several species of aphid including Pine Bark Aphid (Pineus strobi), Pine leaf Aphid (Pineus pinifoliae) and the White Pine Aphid (Cinara strobi).
Primula species are attacked by four species of aphid including foxglove, and green peach aphid.
Rudbeckia, Delphinium, Chrysanthemum and Helianthus species are attacked by a bright red aphid (Macrosiphum rudbeckiae).
Sorbus aucuparia is affected by the Rosy Apple and Woolly Apple aphid which attacked the foliage and young shoots.
Spiraea species are attacked by the Aphid (Aphis spiraecola) which feeds on the young shoots and flowers.
Tropaeolum species are attacked by the Black Bean Aphid (Aphis fabae), which is found in large numbers on the underside of the leaves, turning them yellow and causing them to wilt then die.
Tulipa, Iris, Freesia, Gladiolus and Zephyranthes species are infested with the Tulip Bulb Aphid.
Ulmus species are infected by two types the Woolly Apple Aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), which curls and kills young terminal leaves and the Elm Leaf-Curl Aphid (Eriosoma ulmi) which occasionally attacks the trees.
Viburnum species are attacked by the Snowball Aphid (Anuraphis viburnicola). This aphid congregates at the end of the branches causing the leaves to curl and become deformed under which they hide.
Aphids on Quercus robur
Damage Caused
Buds that have been attacked may not open, leaves and twigs become twisted or distorted and wilt. The aphids also produce honeydew, which is sticky and attracts sooty mould (fungus). This fungus forms a thick layer over the leaf, fruit or stems reducing the plants photosynthesis capability. The sooty mould spoils the plants appearance and its fruit, as does the insects white exoskeletons.
Control
Cultural Control
Aphids may be removed from a plant by hosing them off with water (limited success) or applying soapy water to aphids.. Another organic sprays can be efficient in controlling aphids. Aphids may also be removed physically by hand for small colonies on spine less plants. Species that live under ground are difficult to control but cultivation of the surrounding soil may help in controlling the infestation. (limited mainly to annual or commercial crops)
Reflective mulch around the plants also reduces numbers by repelling the insect this material is available commercially. (Reflective mulches are mainly used in market gardens for avoiding the Green peach Aphids) Resistant rootstocks are available to avoid some root feeding aphid of commercial plants, e.g. Vines and fruit trees
Biological control
Aphids are attacked by several insects includes parasitic wasps or predators such as ladybirds/ lady beetles, hover flies, lacewings, spiders.
Parasitised aphids
Chemical Control
Aphids may be controlled by spraying with a contact or systemic insecticide. The type of application used will depend on the plant is being attacked.
Aphids can be suffocated and therefore controlled with the use of e.g. White oil, Pest oil, Soapy water from soap such as Lux Flakes ®
Note
It is your responsibility by law to read & follow the directions on the label of any pesticide
Monitoring
Aphid are attracted by yellow colour and traps such as boards painted yellow and covered in glue or sticky substance will attract and trap the insects. There is also a commercially sticky yellow tape that can be attached to susceptible plants
Amendments by B. Sonsie Dip Hort Sc Burnley
PEST
NAME
Two-spotted Mite, Red Spider Mite
Tetranychus urticae
ORDER
Acarina
FAMILY
Tetranychidae
Description of the Pest
Also known as the red spider mite. Females are pale green or yellowish, depending on the host plant, and have two dark lateral markings; the mite becomes red in winter, retaining their dark markings. Nymphs are six-legged, with another pair of legs appearing as the mite matures. Males are smaller and narrower. Fully-grown adults are just visible to the naked eye. Two-spotted mites spread by crawling between nearby plants or movement of dead leaves.
Appearance and Distribution of the Pest
Found world-wide; an introduced pest in Australia. They congregate in protected places, such as under bark and at the base of trees, during winter. During spring, they become green in colour, and migrate back into the leaves. During heavy infestations, the leaves may be covered in visible webs, which they spin as they feed. Leaves may eventually wither and fall. Mites can spread via the movement of dead leaves, or in webs that have become attached to birds or large insects. They initially appear on the undersides of leaves.
Spruce Spider Mite (Oligonychus ununguis) is a tiny greenish black adult which lays eggs on twigs where they overwinter. The pale green young spiders suck the sap turning the leaves yellow to brown. Heavy infestations form webbing and the pest is found on Abies and Juniperus species.
Banana spider mite (Tetranychus lambi) is a major widespread pest of bananas. It differs from two spotted mite by not producing copious amount of webbing. It is highly active during the dry spring to summer period and with the onset of the wet season mite numbers are reduced. The warm dry conditions that are created under plastic bunch covers is ideal for building up banana spider mite numbers.
Damage is normally confined to the underside of leaves appearing as rusty patches that coalesce along the leaf veins eventually turning the whole leaf brown-grey before it collapses. Fruit is damaged, close to the bunch stalk causing the area to become dull red purple-black, which in turn becomes dry then cracks.
Damage fruit
Control methods include careful water management during dry periods, and the reduction of dust from roadways. Regular desuckering and leaf trimming of plants will assist with a good coverage when spraying miticides.
Life Cycle
Mites have a gradual metamorphosis, with several nymphal stages. Each female lays up to 100 eggs that hatch in 7-14 days, with several generations appearing throughout the year. Females may become inactive during cold weather.
Webbing
Period of Activity
The Two-spotted mite is most active in hot dry conditions. Under optimum conditions, the population can double every four days. It produces large quantities of webbing for over-wintering nests. Many plants are only susceptible to this insect when cultivated under glass.
Damage Caused
Adults and nymphs lacerated the undersides of the leaves with there rasping mouth parts, although infestations on both surfaces are not uncommon. Infestations cause leaf mottling leaf fall; premature leaf loss causes loss of vigour and reduces the quality and quantity of future crops. Repeated infestations, year after year, may weaken root growth and kill herbaceous plants.
Susceptible Plants
A wide range of plants are attacked by the Red Spider Mite including annuals, fruit trees and vegetables, ornamental shrubs and trees.
Note
Many plant species are more susceptible to Red Spider Mite when they are cultivated under glass.
Other species of mite that are mentioned below have simular characteristics.
Calluna, Rose, Tropaeolum and Viola and species are infested with the Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus telarius) commonly in greenhouse situations.
Musa species are attacked by two spotted mite and banana spider mite damaging foliage and fruit.
Juglans species can be infested with up to four types of mites including red spider.
Cultural Control
Heavy rain or irrigation can reduce numbers; some plants may benefit from replanting in cooler locations. Generally, however, infested material should be completely removed and destroyed.
Preventative measures such as removing weeds or mulching around trees or shrubs or scrubbing the loose bark of susceptible trees during winter helps reduce numbers. During spring sticky bands can be wrapped around trunks close to the ground to trap the mites.
Biological Control
Natural predators include lacewings, ladybirds and thrips help keep the numbers down. Insecticide-resistant predatory mites (Typhlodromus occidenyalis) are also available commercially to control the Two-spotted Mite only on a large scale, as they require ample mites to survive.
Chemical Control
Spraying should be carried out as a last resort as many predators are killed during the operation and spraying can have the opposite effect by increasing numbers in the long term. Dimethoate will reduce numbers; however, Two-spotted mites are resistant to insecticides in some areas. Dusting with wettable sulphur may also prove effective.
Note
Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.
PEST
NAME
Vine Weevil, Black Vine Weevil
Otiorbyncbus sulactus
ORDER
Coleoptera
Description of the Pest
The adult weevil is black with small brownish dots on its wing covers and is up to 9mm long. The white fleshy larva is legless up to 12mm long and both adult and larva have chewing mouth parts.
These insects have a Holometabolous life cycle, ie. When metamorphosis is observed during the pupal stage.
Appearance and Distribution of the Pest
This insect is found in Europe, North America and Australia and tends to appear in localised areas. The adult is distributed by flying with wind assistance and the larvae can infest other areas by soil movement or in infected stock.
Period of Activity
The adult is active during the warmer months of the year and normally have one generation per year. The larvae overwinter in the soil and the adults lay its eggs in soil surrounding the host plant.
Damage Caused
The adult chew on the leaves of the host plant and the larvae forms tunnels in corms or tubers. It also attacks roots particularly potted plants. Affected plants have a loss of colour in the foliage and stems die back or the plant collapses. Secondary infection enters the plant where weevil damage occurs.
Susceptible Plants
There is a wide range of plants attacked including Rhododendron species, Hydrangea species, Vitis species, blueberries, hops, apples,Cyclamen, Pelargonium, Sedum, Fuchsia and Begonia species. Plants that are already damaged, stressed or older are more likely to be attacked.
Cultural Control
Stressed plants can have there culture improved, but once the symptoms are seen and the plant collapses removal is the main course of action.
Biological Control
The larva may be attacked by patristic nematodes.
Chemical Control
There in no practical chemical control.
PEST
NAME
Capsid bugs
Lygocoris species
ORDER
Hemiptera
FAMILY
Miridae
Description of the Pest
Capsid bugs have piercing and sucking mouthparts. They have two pairs of wings, with the forewings thicker at the base and covering the hindwings at rest.
Adult bugs are up to 6 - 12 mm long the wings are coloured two thirds from the body becoming transparent at the end when flatly folded the transparent areas form an obvious diamond-shape. While feeding they secrete a toxic fluid that kills the surrounding cells. They look like large Aphids
Adult
Adult with piercing and sucking mouth parts
Life Cycle
These insects have a Hemimetabolous life cycle i.e. the nymphs resemble the adults.
Distribution of the Pest
Europe and the USA
Life Cycle
These insects have a Hemimetabolous life cycle, i.e. When the nymphs resemble the adults.
Period of Activity
The bugs are most active from late spring to late summer.
Damage Caused
After being attacked the young leaves towards the shoot tips expand and small holes with brown margins are formed. Flowers that are affected may fail to open or open unevenly with damaged petals.
The apple capsid bug (Plesiocoris rugicollis) attacks developing fruit forming blemishes on the skin but not affect the quality of the fruit.
Susceptible Plants
There are many ornamental plants that are attacked; these include Fuchsia, Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Magnolia, Rosa, Hydrangea and Salvia species. Fruit and vegetables are also susceptible to attack.
Cultural Control
Difficult to control, infected buds may be removed during early spring.
Chemical Control
Infected buds may be sprayed in early spring
Note
It is your responsibility by law to read & follow the directions on the label of any pesticide.
Amendments by B. Sonsie Dip Hort Sc Burnley
PEST
NAME
Fuller's Rose Weevil
Various Rose Weevil
Species
ORDER
Coleoptera
Description of the Pest
The Fuller's Rose Weevil (Asynychus cervinus) is greyish-brown and grows to 7mm long and is found in Australia. The female adult has faint white marks on its sides and feeds on leaf margins and flower buds. It lays its eggs under loose bark or in curled dead leaves that have fallen to the ground. The light grey lava is up to 6mm long burrow down feeding on the roots, where they overwinter.
The Fuller's Rose Weevil (Pantomorus godmani) female adult is greyish-brown, up to 8mm long with diagonal white stripes across its wing covers and feeds on leaves at night. It is found in northern and southern USA. The lava feed on the roots and overwinters under ground.
Distribution of the Pest
Fuller's Rose Weevil's are found throughout the world and are distributed by walking to a new host or are transported on infested plants.
Life Cycle
These insects have a Holometabolous life cycle, ie. When metamorphosis is observed during the pupal stage.
The adult female can live up to three months during which it can lay up to ten groups of thirty eggs and the lava, can remain under ground for up to nine months before emerging as adults.
Period of Activity
The adult is most active from summer to autumn.
Damage Caused
Generally the adults chew leaves, preferring new foliage or flower buds and on mass can cause sever damage to the host. The roots are attacked by the lava and may cause yellowing of the foliage and small plants such as Lycopersicon species may be killed.
Susceptible Plants
There are many plants that are attacked by these pests, particularly broad leafed types.
Camellia, Citrus, Dahlia, Gardenia, Passiflora, Prunus, Rosa and Rubus species are susceptible to the Fuller's Rose Weevil (Asynychus cervinus).
Acacia, Begonia, Camellia, Canna, Chrysanthemum, Cissus, Citrus, Dianthus, Diospyros, Dracaena, Fuchsia, Gardenia, Hibiscus, Lilium, Pelargonium, Penstimon, Plumbago, Prunus persica, Quercus, Rhododendron, Rosa and Vinca, species.
All are susceptible to attack by the Fuller's Rose Weevil (Pantomorus godmani).
Cultural Control
Small infestations may be removed by hand at the adult stage and fallen leaves or debris should be removed from around the base of the plant. Sticky traps at the base of the plant may inhibit the adult climbing the plant.
Chemical Control
Plants may be sprayed with Carbaryl when the adults are first seen.
Note
Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.
PEST
NAME
Grapevine Moth
Phalaenoides glycinae
ORDER
Lepidoptera
FAMILY
Noctuidae
Description of the Pest
The adult moth has a wingspan up to 50mm across and long antenna. It is black with pale yellow strip-like markings, on the forewings and on the margins of the hind wings. The abdomen has tufts of orange coloured hairs at the end. The blackish larva has numerous short black lines running across the body, red or whitish markings on its side and a red band that runs over its end. It is up to 50mm long and has chewing mouthparts.
Appearance and Distribution of the Pest
The larvae are found throughout the eastern states of Australia and are first noticed on the underside of the leaf. Large pellets of excrement can be seen under damaged plants.
Life Cycle
This insect has a Holometabolous life cycle, ie. When metamorphosis is observed during the pupal stage.
It over winters as pupae normally in the soil, then emerges as a moth during early spring. There are 2 to 3 generations per year with the second generation of moths emerging during summer.
Period of Activity
The larvae are active during the warmer months of the year and may be found on plants during spring. The larvae are more prevalent when the conditions produce lush growth on the vines.
Damage Caused
The larvae feed on the underside of the leaf, which becomes skeletonised and in some cased defoliates the plant back to the main stem.
Susceptible Plants
Vitis vinifera (grape), Fuchsia, Cissus, Parthenocissus, Glycine and Hibbertia species.
Cultural Control
Remove small infestations by hand and remove off site or destroy.
Biological Control
The larvae numbers are reduced by birds, predatory bugs, parasitic wasps and viruses. There is also a commercially produced natural occurring bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis) that helps in controlling the numbers.
Chemical Control
Application of a contact or stomach chemical such as Carbaryl can be effective against a large infestation.
Note
Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.
PEST
NAME
Greenhouse or Black Thrips
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
ORDER
Thysanoptera
FAMILY
Phlaeothripidae
Description of the Pest
The adult is up to 1.5mm long and is dark brown to black with the end of the abdomen being lighter in colour and having feathery wings and rarely flies. The tiny nymphs are lighter in colour and both adult and nymph have rasping and sucking mouthparts.
Life Cycle
This insect has a Hemimetabolous life cycle, ie. When the immature nymphs resemble the adults.
There are 4-nymphal stages with the first two on the plant and the last two in the soil or in leaf litter, where it is non-feeding.
Period of Activity and Distribution of the Pest
This pest is distributed world wide preferring hot dry weather in a shady cool position with some moisture and is active in the warmer months of the year.
Susceptible Plants
This pest attacks a wide range of ornamental plants in including Fuchsia, Azalea (Rhododendron species) Viburnum, Cissus, Liquidambar, Vitis (Grapes), Passiflora (Passionfruit) species, Persimmon and Prunus species.
Morinda citrifolia is attacked by the greenhouse thrip (Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis) which is parasitic on noni leaves.
Morinda citrifolia
Damage Caused
The adult and two first nymphal stages cause the damage by rasping and sucking plant tissue by forming colonies on the underside of the leaf. The leaf surface has a characteristic silvering appearance with blobs of excrement that are black or brown. The pest is also found between overlapping leaves where it attacks the underside and upper layer of the leaf.
Cultural control
The infected plant may be sprayed with a soapy spray particularly on the underside of the leaves.
Biological control
A parasitic wasp may reduce the numbers.
Chemical control
The affected plants may be sprayed with insecticide including a systemic (Dimethoate) or contact (Maldison). Two applications are required with a 10 day spacing to allow newly hatched nymphs and resting adults that are found in leaf litter to emerge onto the plant.
Note
Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.
PEST
NAME
Autumn Gum Moth
Mnesampela Privata
ORDER
Lepidoptera
FAMILY
Geometridae
Description of the Pest
This dark brown moth has a wingspan of up to 40mm. The larvae or caterpillars, which often appear in groups of 3 or 4, cause the damage. The caterpillars are smooth-skinned loopers, with reddish brown longitudinal stripes on a brownish-green body, and two yellowish spots near the centre of their back. They may grow to 35 mm in length. The larva have chewing mouth parts. The adults do not feed.
Life cycle
The moth has a Holometabolous life cycle (complete metamorphosis egg, larva, pupa and adult).
The insect pupates in the soil.
Distribution of the Pest
The pest is widespread across most of Australia, coastal and inland areas and subtropical regions.
Period of Activity
Eggs laid late summer to early autumn. Sometimes the larva can found throughout the year.
Damage Caused
The caterpillars attack foliage - usually the juvenile leaves - during autumn months. The caterpillars chew the surface of the leaves, skeletonising them, these affected leaves turn brown. Older larvae feed on the whole leaf, often leaving only the midrib.
During the day light hours the older larvae rest inside shelters they formed by webbing leaves together, usually at the ends of the branches. Trees above 5 m in height seem to be less affected by this insect pest.
Susceptible Plants
Eucalypts with glaucous juvenile foliage. Eg Tasmanian Blue Gum (E.globulus) & Shining Gum (E. nitens), Corymbia maculate. E. dunnii, E. bridgesiana over 30 species of Eucalyptus
Control
Biological Control
Bacillus thuringiensis a bacterial disease may be successful against the young larvae.
Chemical Control
May be considered for small trees which are in danger of being defoliated.
Cultural Control
Hand remove the sheltering larva.
Monitoring
Pheromones and light traps.
Note
It is your responsibility by law to read & follow the directions on the label of any pesticide
Amendments by B. Sonsie Dip Hort Sc Burnley
DISEASE
NAME
Powdery Mildew
Various Powdery Mildew Species
Description
Powdery mildew covers arrange of fungal infections most with simular characteristics of white powdery areas appearing on the leaves and flowers.
White powdery area
Symptoms
Powdery mildew (Oidium species) affects the following five plant groups with slightly different characteristics.
Cucurbits firstly form white spots on the underside of the leaves. Under optimum conditions the fungus spreads to the upper surface covering the entire leaf causing it to die. It may also extend to the stems slowing the growth of the plant and may reduce the size of the fruit.
Grape leaves, flowers and fruit are attacked with the appearance of greyish-white powdery spots. Infected flowers set poor quality fruit and infected fruit splits open and dries out.
Pawpaw leaves become infected on the underside at first then spreading covering the entire leaf. The fruit forms irregular light grey spotted areas that damages the surface and under the surface causing the fruit to misshapen and reducing its market value.
Rose leaf and buds are covered in a fine white powdery coating and in severe cases it extends to the stems. When young leaves are infected they become distorted and older leaves develop blackened areas. Infected flower buds may fail to open and opened blooms may be discoloured or distorted.
Strawberries show different signs of infection with the leaf margins first rolling upwards then developing purplish irregular blotches along the veins. The infected flowers may fail to set fruit and if fruit is produced it is small, hard fails to ripen. Semi mature fruit that is infected has dull appearance and may form cracks or split open.
The Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca lanestris) infects leaves and twigs. The under side if the leaf firstly has a white mealy growth that matures to felt-like brown mycelium that can cover the entire leaf, and the twig tips. It is only one of the many types that infect Quercus species.
Source and Dispersal
The spores overwinter in fallen leaves, dormant buds, seed and infested plants. It is dispersed by wind.
Favoured Conditions
Generally it prefers warm humid conditions, but failing to germinate when it is raining. The fungus that attacks Pawpaw prefers cooler conditions disappearing in the warmer months.
Affected Plants
There are many plant species ornamental trees and shrubs that are attacked by Oidium species including; Roses, African Violets, Cucurbits, Grapes, Pawpaw, Strawberries, Hydrangeas, Ajugas, Antirrhinum, Oaks and Photinias.
Acer species are infected by the powdery mildews (Uncinula circinata) and (Phyllactinia corylea) but are not normally serious.
Aesculus species are infected by the powdery mildew (Uncinula flexuosa) which forms a white mold on the underside of the leaves.
Arenaria,Cuphea, Erica and Eschscholtzia species are infected by the powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni). This fungus is greyish or white and covers leaves or young shoots. Heavenly infected leaves turn brown and fall from the plant. The plant eventually dies.
Aster species are infected with the powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) which is more prevalent on the lower part of the plant.
Ceanothus, Corylus, Platanus, Syringa and Weigela species are infected by the powdery mildew (Microsphaera alni) particularly London Plane. The mycelium forms a felt-like cover on the leaves.
Celtis species are susceptible to the powdery mildew (Uncinula parvula) and (Uncinula polychaete). This fungal problem can affect either side of the leaf, which can have spots or be completely coved in mildew. The fruiting bodies appear on the opposite side of the mildew.
Cornus species leaves are infected by the powdery mildew (Microsphaera alni) and (Phyllactinia corylea), covering the leaves in a whitish fungus.
Dahlia species are infected by the powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) that forms white powdery areas on the leaf surface.
Lagerstroemia species are infected by the powdery mildew (Uncinula Australiana) that forms white powdery growth on the leaves and may also distort the infected foliage.
Populus and Salix species are infected by a white powdery mildew (Uncinula salicis) that produces black fruiting bodies with a curled tip, but is not normally a major problem.
Quercus robur
Quercus species are susceptible to several powdery mildew fungi including (Sphaerotheca lanestris), (Erysiph trina) and (Phyllactinia corylea). Generally white mealy growth appears on the leaves, normally on the underside turning the infected areas brown and then the leaf dies. The infection may spread to the twig tips causing dieback. Control may be difficult and unwarranted on large trees but nursery stock may be sprayed with a fungicide during susceptible periods.
Rosa species are also infected by the powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa).
Rudbeckia and Senecio species are covered in white fungus (Erysiphe cichoracearum) which infects leaves, flowers and stems. This results in the plant becoming stunted.
Senecio species are infected by the powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) which forms circular white powdery areas on the leaves.
Spiraea species are infected by the Powdery Mildew (Microsphaera alni) and (Podosphaera oxyacanthae).
Ulmus and Rhododendron (Azalea) species are also infected by (Microsphaera alni). Circular patches of white powdery growth appear on the leaves.
Veronica species are sometimes infected by the powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca humili) causing a white coating to appear on the leaves. Not normally a major problem.
Zinnia elegans are commonly infected by the powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichororacearum), which appears on both sides of the leaves as a greyish powdery cover and may be transmitted by seed.
Non-chemical Control
Choose less susceptible species and when planting space the plants to allow good air circulation. Avoid overwatering and try to keep the foliage dry. Affected plants may be dusted with powdered sulphur or sprayed with a milk mixture to discourage mildew. Vegetables that are infected with mildew should be removed and replaced with new young plants, as they are more resistant to infection.
Chemical Control
Prenatitive spraying during warm humid conditions using a suitable fungicide such as wettable sulphur, bitertanol, carbendazim, fenarimol and triforine helps control the problem.
Note
Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.
DISEASE
NAME
Sooty Mould
Various Sooty Mould Species
Description
A fungal problem related to honeydew that is secreted from other insects. The fungus will not infect the host plant.
Symptoms
A soot-like dry black fungus appears on areas of the plant where honeydew is found. The fungus spreads and becomes thick restricting the plants capability to photosynthesize. The fungus can also appear on fruit spoiling its appearance and gives the plant an unattractive look.
Gardenia augusta
Source and Dispersal
It is found on other infected plants and soon spreads by wind to other susceptible plants.
Favoured Conditions
It is occurs when insects are producing honeydew, normally through the growing period.
Affected Plants
These fungi can found on most plants particular plants that are infected with scale insect that produces honeydew.
Pittosporum eugenioides
Camellia japonica
Callicarpa species are infected with Black Mould (Meliola cookeana) with its black mycelium growing on all parts of the plant including twigs and leaves.
Non-chemical Control
To reduce sooty mould it is required to controlling insect numbers on the plant. Affected plants may have the dry sooty mould rubbed or hosed off.
Chemical Control
Fungicides are not required, but the control of the insect producing honeydew is required.
Note
Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.
DISEASE
NAME
Leaf Spot (General)
Various Leaf Spot Species
Description
There is a wide variety of fungal leaf spots that infect perennials, shrub and trees. Some are specific to the host while others can affect a range of plants.
Symptoms
Generally light brown to purplish or blackish spots appear on the leaf and form concentric rings of fruiting bodies. The spots may leave holes, perforating the leaf or expand with pale green to yellowish margins and when the holes merge the leaf normally dies. There are many different types of leaf spot, some are discussed below.
Alocasia species
Alternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria nelumbii) forms a small reddish brown spots that are boarded in light green, and as they develop in size the leaf curls and dies from the margin inwards. Normally occurs on Nelumbo species (water lilies).
Helminthosporium Disease
Helminthosporium Disease (Bipolris species), (Drechslera species) and (Exserophilum species) are responsible for several leaf spots that occur on all Turf Grass species. Generally they form black or white spots that may be faded and produce masses of spores in the thatch during late summer, under humid conditions. The life cycle is short and when conditions are favourable spores are splashed onto the foliage from the thatch, causing wide spread infection. Cynodon dactylon (common couch) is most susceptible and found in bowling or golf greens where it is a serious problem.
Banana Leaf Spot
Banana Leaf Spot (Mycosphaerella musicola) is found on many species of banana causing pale yellow streaks on the young leaves to turn brown with dark spots. The leaf then becomes dried, brown and dead commencing from the margins, eventually the leaf dies. Control requires removal of infected foliage or the spraying of a fungicide and fungicides should not be used during the fruiting period.
Lophostemon confertus (Brush Box)
Leaf Spot on Brush Box (Elsinoe species). This is a casual fungus that attacks the epidermal layer of the leaf, forming circular spots that are up to 25mm across and are often restricted by the main vein. These spots are a dull yellowish brown but can also have purplish patterns. A leaf may have more than one spot develop on its surface and normally appears on scattered leaves throughout the tree. This doesn't affect the vigour of Lophostemon confertus.
Palm Leaf-scab (Graphiola phoeicis) appears as yellow spots and develop into scabs or warts that are outwards hard and dark but with a soft centre with powdery yellowish brown spores. The infected leaves eventually die.
Palm Leaf Spot, Chamaedorea elegans
Palm Leaf Spot (Pestaloptiopsis species) appears as a small spot with a dark centre on the leaves and affects palms that are growing in shaded humid positions and normally control is not required, though infected fronds should be removed.
Source and Dispersal
Infection source is other contaminated plants and the spores are spread by wind or by splashing water. The fruiting bodies are black spots that appear on the damaged tissue releasing spores.
Favoured Conditions
This fungus prefers a warm humid environment and leafy plants with soft new growth, particularly if they are crowded.
Affected Plants
There are many ornamental and native plants that are hosts to a wide range of fungal leaf spots. Some specific ones are listed below. Plants such as Cornus or Paeonia species are infected by a large variety of leaf spots, while other plants attract a specific leaf spot.
Generally a healthy plant can tolerate fungal leaf spot attack, though it may make the plant look unsightly. In trees and shrubs it is difficult to control and generally not necessary, but in perennials and annuals control may be necessary in order to save the plant.
Acalypha and Arctotis species are infected by up to three leaf spots including (Cercospora acalyphae) and (Ramularia acalyphae) that rarely require control.
Acer species are infected by Purple Eye (Phyllosticta minima) which forms spots with brownish centres and purplish margins causing the death of the leaves.
Acer species are also infected by Tar Spot (Rhytisma acerinum) which forms round black spots that have yellow margins. Not normally seen on cultivated trees, but seen in forests.
Adiantum, Asplenium, Blechnum, Cyathea, Davallia, Nephrolepis, Platycerium, Polypodium and Pteris species are infected by the leaf spot (Pseudocercopora species) which forms circular brown spots on the fronds and heavy infection can defoliate a plant.
Aesculus species are occasionally infected with the leaf spot (Septoria hippocastani) which forms small brown spots.
Agave species are susceptible to the leaf spot (Coniothyrium concentricum), which appear as greyish spots up to 20mm (1in) across with concentric rings and black fruiting bodies. Affected leaves are destroyed as the infection spreads.
Albizia julibrissin is susceptible to the fungal leaf spot (gloeosporium aletridis), which does not normally require control.
Amelanchler, Chaenomeles, Crataegus and Rhaphiolepis species Mespilus germanica are infected by the leaf spot (Fabraea maculata) which may cause considerable damage during wet periods.
Aquilegia species can be infected by three types of Leaf Spot including (Ascochyta aquilegiae), (Cercospora aquilegiae) and (Septoria aquilegiae), normally appearing during humid conditions forming spots on the leaves.
Arbutus species are infected by two leaf spots (Septoria Unedonis) which produces small brown spots on the leaves and (Elsinoe mattirolianum).
Arctostaphylos manzanita is infected by the leave spot (Cryptostictis arbuti) which damages leaves but is not normally detrimental to the shrub.
Aspidistra species are infected by the leaf spot (Colletotrichum omnivorum) causing whitish spots on the leaves and petiole.
Aster species are infected by many leaf spots including (Alternaria species), (Cercosporella cana), ( Ovularia asteris) and (Septoria asteris).
Aucuba species are infected by several leaf spots, usually as a secondary infection after aphid attack. These include (Phyllosticta aucubae) and (Phyllostica aucubae).
Azalea
Azalea (Rhododendron species) are susceptible to Leaf Scorch (Septoria azalea). This fungal disease forms reddish- brown spots which expand and engulf the leaf, with fruiting bodies appearing in the centre. Infected leaves die, then fall and the branchlets wilt. This problem is more serious during wet periods and may require control using a fungicide.
Banksia robur
Banksia species are infected by several leaf spots causing chlorotic areas that have brown centres and is not normally a major problem for the plant.
Betula species may be infected by the Leaf Spots (Gloeosporium betularum) that forms brown spots with darker margins and (Cylindrosporium betulae) that also forms brown spots with faded indefinite margins.
Bougainvillea species are infected by the leaf spot (Cercosporidium bougainvilleae) which forms rounded spots with dark margins that yellowish ting. Infected leaves die and fall from the plant.
Calendula species are infected by the Leaf Spot (Cercospora calendulae) which rapidly infects the plant spotting the leaves and killing the plant.
Callicarpa species may be infected by the leaf spot (Atractilina callicarpae) forming irregular brownish spot or (Cercospora callicarpae) which can defoliate the plant in subtropical climates.
Campsis species may be infected by several fungal leaf spots including (Phyllosticta tecomae), (Septoria tecomae) and (Cercospora duplicata).
Carpinus species are infected by the leaf spots (Gloeosporium robergei), (Gnomoniella fimbriata) and (Septoria carpinea), all are minor infections not normally requiring control.
Carya species are infected by several leaf spots including (Gnomonia caryae) that infects leaves with irregular reddish spots on the upper surface with corresponding brown spore producing spots on the underside. It also has a secondary spore release that occurs on the dead leaves where it over winters. Other leaf spots include (monochaetia desmazierii) and (Marssonina juglandis).
Ceanothus species are susceptible to the leaf spot (Cercospora ceanothi) and (Phyllosticta ceanothi) both are of minor importance not requiring control.
Celtis species are infected by many leaf spots including (Cercosporella celtidis), (Cylindrosporium celtidis), (Phleospora celtidis) and (Septogloeum celtidis).
Chrysanthemums species are infected by the leaf spot (Septoria species) which forms yellow spots appear toward the edge of the leaves; these become enlarged brownish patches with yellow margins. Damaged areas may converge and in severe attacks and the leaves may fall prematurely or flower production is reduced.
Clematis species are infected by the fungal disease (Ascochyta clematidina) which may cause stem rot or leaf spots that are water soaked areas with reddish margins. The infection spreads from the leaves to the stem causing wilting and eventually girdling the stem killing the plant. There are many fungal leaf spots that infect this plant including (Cercospora rubigo) and (Septoria clematidis)
Dracaena deremensis
Cordyline and Dracaena species may be infected by the leaf spot (Phyllosticta maculicola) which forms small brownish spots that have yellowish margins and has black fruiting bodies that forms coils of spores. These plants are also susceptible to other leaf spots such as (Glomerella cincta) and (Phyllosticta dracaaaenae). Keep foliage dry to avoid infection.
Cynodon dactylon, Pennisetum clandestinum and many other Turf Grasses are susceptible to Helminthosporium Disease.
Daphne species are infected by the leaf spot (Gloeosporium mezerei) and (Marssonina daphnes) both of which form thickish brown spots that are seen on both sides of the leaves. Infected leaves turn yellowish before dieing.
Dendranthema species are infected by many leaf spots such as (Septoria chrysanthemi) which first forms yellowish spots up to 25mm (1in) across that become black. Infected leaves die prematurely and persist on the plant.
Dianthus species may be infected by the leaf spot (Septoria dianthi). It forms light brown rounded spots that have a purplish border. The scattered spots on the lower leaves can also be found on the stems and the spores are dispersed by water from the tiny black fruiting bodies.
Dieffenbachia species are infected by several leaf spot fungi including (Cephalosporium species) and (Myrothecium species).
Eucalyptus species
Eucalyptus species are infected by many fungal leaf spots such as (Mycosphaeralla species), (Hendersonia species) and (Monocheatia monochaeta). Generally leaf spots appear on the juvenile or new leaves causing brownish spots that enlarge and may have a purplish halo around the margin. Mature adult leaves are not normally infected and the trees rarely require control measures.
Fern species are infected by the leaf spot, (Alternaria polypodii). This fungus appears as brown circular or oblong spots that congregate along the margins of the pinnae causing the fronds to turn brown and die. It is spread by wind currents from plant to plant and control methods include removing infected fronds and maintaining a drier atmosphere.
Ficus species are infected by various fungal leaf spot including (Pseudocercospora species). Generally the fungal attack forms circular or irregular dark coloured spots on the leaves eventually causing them to fall prematurely.
Ficus elastica is susceptible to many fungal leaf spots including (Alternaria species), (Leptostromella elastica) and (Phyllosticta roberti).
Strawberry
Fragaria x ananassa (Strawberry) is infected by the fungal leaf spot (Mycospharella fragariae). The mature leaf is initially infected with well defined brown spots that that turn light grey with red-purplish margins. As the spots merge they form large brown blotches and the leaf turns yellow then dies. This fungal attack normally occurs on plants in poor health and can be a serious problem early in the season seriously damaging stock.
Fraxinus species
Fraxinus species are infected by the leaf spot (Gloeosporium aridum) giving the leaf a scorched appearance as large blotches appear from the margin or apex and turn brown with a papery texture. It is more prevalent during rainy periods and infected leaves fall prematurely. Collect and depose of fallen leaves otherwise control is not normally required.
Fuchsia species may be infected by the leaf spot (Septoria species) or ( Cercospora species), both form spots with dead centres and dark margins.
Gladiolus species are infected by Hard Rot or Leaf Spot (Septoria gladioli). On the corms reddish brown circular water soaked spots become large and sunken. These areas dry out and form obvious margins. The leaves may also have these symptoms but is not commonly seen.
Hemerocallis species are infected by several leaf spots including (Cercospora hemerocallis) and (Heterosporium iridis). These may be in the form of black spots or brownish spots that converge killing the leaf. Infected leaves should be removed and burnt.
Hibiscus species
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus syriacus and Hibiscus tiliaceus are susceptible to several fungal leaf spots including (Ascochyta abelmoschi), (Cerospora kellermanii) and (Phyllosticta hibiscina). All cause spotting or blotching of the leaf surface; remove and destroy infected parts.
Hydrangea species are infected by four fungal species including (Ascochyta hydrangeae), (Phyllosticta hydrangeae) and (Septoria hydrangeae).
Iris species are infected by several fungal leaf spots including (Alternaria iridicola) and (Macosphaerella species).
Iris species are also infected by the leaf spot (Didymellina macrospore) that forms greyish spots with brown water soaked borders and coalesce on the upper part of the leaf. This casual organism commonly occurs after flowering killing the leaves but will not infect the bulbs. The bulbs become weak over several seasons due to the decreased foliage.
There is also a Bacterial Leaf Spot (Bacterium tardicrescens) that is commonly mistaken as a fungal problem causing translucent spots that coalesce and involve the entire leaf. Normally found on Iris species.
Laburnum anagyroides is infected by the Leaf Spot (Phyllosticta cytisii). The leaf forms light grey spots with no definite margin and mature to brown. The black fruiting bodies appear as dots in the centre of the spot.
Leucanthemum species are infected by the leaf spot (Cerocspora chrysanthemi) and (Septoria leucanthemi).
Magnolia species are susceptible to many species including (Alternaria tenuis), (Mycosphaerella milleri) and (Phyllosticta species). Leaves generally turn brown from the apex or margins turning brown or spots appear on the leaf surface and leaves become yellow before withering and dieing. Normally the make the tree look poorly but have little effect on its growth. Control is not normally required.
Nerium oleander is susceptible to several fungal leaf spots including (Cercospora nerella), (Cercospora repens), (Gloesporium species) and (Phyllosticta nerii). Infected leaves should be removed but generally control is not required.
Nyssa sylvatica is infected by the leaf spot (Mycosphaerella nyssaecola) forming irregular purplish blotches.
Orchids such as Cattleya, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, Dendrobium, Epidendrum, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis and Zygopetalum species are infected by several leaf spots including (Cerospora, Colletotrichum and Phyllosticta species). Normally forming dark or dead, circular or irregular areas on the leaves.
Palms such as Syagrus, Howea, Phoenix, Roystonea and Washingtonia species are infected by Leaf-scab (Graphiola phoeicis).
Palms such as Archontophoenix, Caryota, Chamaedorea, Cocos, Dypsis, Howea, Liculia, Linospadix, Livistona, Phoenix, Ptychosperma, Rhapis, Roystonea, Syagrus, Washingtonia and Wodyetia species are susceptible to several fungal leaf spots including;
(Bipolaris spp.), (Cylindrocladium spp.), (Colletotrichum spp.) and (Pestalotiopsis spp.).
Generally the circular leaf spots are brown and may have a yellow halo such as Palm Ring Spot (Bipolaris incurvata). They vary in size from small to large depending on the species. When a plant is healthy it recovers from attack, but heavy infections can defoliate, causing the collapse of the plant.
Palms are also infected by the Brachybasidium Leaf Spot (Brachybasidium pinangae). This fungus forms angular leaf lesions that produce fruiting bodies on the underside and is commonly found on Archontophoenix species.
Archontophoenix cunninghamiana
Passiflora species are infected with many types of leaf spot such as (Alternaria passiflorae).
Phoenix species are susceptible to False Smut (Graphiola phoenicis). This fungus forms yellow leaf spots that become hard with a raised with a blackish scab, which produces masses of powdery spores that are thread-like.
Pittosporum species
Pittosporum species are susceptible to the leaf spots (Alternaria tenuissima), (Phyllostica species) and (Cercospora pittospori). Circular or angular dark spots appear on the leaves and are surrounded by necrotic areas that are yellowish. Generally removal of infected leaves is adequate control.
Poa species and other cool season grasses are infected by Winter Fusarium Leaf Disease (Fusarium species), which causes small pale spots that are water soaked to appear on the leaves that turn red-brown. Infected leaves become bleached then wither and die, but the infection will not affect the crown or roots of the plant. It can be identified by pink, cotton-like mycelium and the plant prefers cold wet weather.
Populus species are infected by several fungal leaf spots including (Ciborinia bifrons, Ciborinia confundens), and (Mycosphaerella populicola).
Prunus species are infected by several leaf spots including (Cercospora circumscissa and Septoria ravenelii).
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir is infected by the Leaf Cast (Rhabdocline pseudotsugae) Symptoms include the needles becoming yellowish at the apex and extending down the needle and spreading to others during moist spring weather turning them brown. Brownish scorched areas are noticeable on the tree from a distance. Control; is not normally required for mature trees but nursery stock may require spraying with a copper based fungicide.
Psidium guajava (Guava) is infected by (Glomerella cingulate). This fungus courses spots to appear on leaves and mummifies and blackens immature fruit or rots mature fruit. This fungus can devastate a guava crop.
Quercus species are infected by several types of leaf spot including (Cylindrosporium microspilum) and (Marssonina martini). These attacks tend top take place later in the season and normally not detrimental to the tree.
Rhododendron species are infected by a large variety of fungal leaf spots including (Cercospora rhododendri) and (lophodermium melaleucum)
Salix species are infected by several fungal leaf spots including (Ascochyta salicis) and (Septogloeum salicinum).
Senecio species are infected by the fungal leaf spot (Alternaria cinerariae) and (Cercospora species), forming dark rounded or angular spots.
Spiraea species are attacked by the fungal leaf spot (Cylindrosporium filipendulae).
Stenotaphrum secundatum (Buffalo) turf grass is susceptible to Grey Leaf Spot (Pyricularia grisea) in domestic and commercial situations devastating lawns. This fungal disease infects the stems and leaves with small brown lesions that enlarge rapidly forming grey-brown spots that have darker borders or surrounded by yellow chlorotic areas. This infection is commonly found on newly laid turf but will also infect established lawns. It is most prevalent during warm humid periods in soil with a high nitrogen level.
Syringa species are attacked by up to six species of leaf spot including (Cercospora lilacis) and (Phyllostica species).
Syzygium species
Syzygium species are infected by fungal leaf spots but normally control is not required.
Tagetes species are infected by the leaf spot (Septoria tageticola), which starts at the base and moves progressively up through the plant, covering the leaves in grey to black spots.
Trillium species are host to several leaf spots, including (Colletotrichum peckii) (Gloeosporium Trillii) (Heterosporium trillii).
Ulmus species are infected by many fungal leaf spots including (Gnomonia ulmea) and (Cercospora sphaeriaeformis).
Veronica species are infected by the leaf spot (Septoria veronicae). The symptoms include small violet to brown spots appear on the upper surface of the leaf and correspondingly yellowish brown on the underside. The spots converge forming a scorched shot-hole appearance and eventually death of the leaf.
Vaccinium ovatum
Vaccinium ovatum is infected by the leaf spot (Rhytisma vaccinii) and (Dothichiza caroliniana).
Vicia species are infected by the leaf spot (Erostrotheca multiformis), which forms greyish spots that enlarge and may defoliate the plant.
Wisteria species are infected by three fungal leaf spots (Phyllostica wisteriae), (Septoria wisteriae) and (Phomatospora wisteriae).
Non-chemical Control
Remove and destroy infected plant material and avoid overhead watering. When planting select infection resistant varieties. Practice crop rotation and add pot ash to the soil to decrease the plants venerability to the disease. Many species of fungus overwinter in fallen leaves, remove and destroy any litter under the plant.
Winter Fusarium Leaf Disease in Turf Grasses can be minimised by aerating the soil, reducing thatch and avoid excessive nitrogen in the soil.
Chemical Control
Protective fungicides such as zineb or copper oxychloride should be sprayed at the first sign of infection and cuttings should be sprayed as they start to grow.
Note
Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.
DISEASE
NAME
Twig Blight
Phomopsis juniperovora
Description
Phomopsis Twig Blight of Juniper is a fungus problem commonly known as cedar, juniper, or needle blight and is normally a leaf or shoot infection commonly found in young plants and on the new growth of older plants.
Symptoms
The tips of young needles form yellow spots and as the infection progresses from the needle to the stem the infected area turns red brown to ash grey associated with dieback. If allowed to continue the entire branch dies as the fungus mycelium progresses into the main stem. It grows rapidly along the inner bark, killing the cambium and turning the wood brown.
Liquidambar species
Lesions occur on the stems; these frequently develop into cankers at the point of healthy and diseased tissue. The canker can girdle the branch of young plants, but older plants are more resistant. Young or small plants may be completely covered in the fungus turning the plant brown.
Only immature needles are affected and when the needled turn deep dark green they are not susceptible to the disease. As the infection matures small black spots or fruiting bodies may be seen using a magnifying glass on the dries grey areas.
Source and Dispersal
The fungal spores (conidia) are dispersed by wind, insects and from infected plants or parts of plants that are trimmed from the tree. It is also dispersed by splashing water or contaminated stock. Overhead irrigation especially in nurseries is conducive to infection. The fungus will not die if the host becomes dry but will continue growing when moisture returns.
Favoured Conditions
The fungus prefers cool humid climates or 15 ° to 27 ° C (60 ° to 82° F) and is not commonly seen in warm coastal regions and may continue living in dead wood, leaf litter or harvested fruit for up to two years.
Affected Plants
Many plants are affected by this fungus such as (Thuja), species of true cedar (Cupressus), and false cedar (Chamaecyparis), European larch (Larix decidua), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), English yew (Taxus baccata), Japanese plum yew (Cephalotaxus drupacea), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), species of fir (Abies), and Cryptomeria japonica
Note
Listed below are other Twig Blights generally specific to there host.
Abies species are infected by Needle and Twig Blight (Rehmiellopsis balsameae), turning the current season's needle growth reddish before dieing.
Cedrus species are infected by the Tip Blight (Diplodia pinea) that forms cankers in branchlets causing die back.
Cercidiphyllum japonicum is susceptible to the twig blight (Phomopsis species), causing disfigurement of the branches.
Cordyline species are infected by the Tip Blight (Physalospora dracaenae) that turns the leaves light brown and dry from the tips down, affecting the lower ones first.
Cornus species are susceptible to three types of Twig Blight (Myxosporium everhartii), (Cryptostictis species) and (Sphaeropsis species). These fungi form cankers or blighting on the twigs.
Euonymus species are suseptable to Phomopsis Dieback (Phomopsis species). This causes the twigs and small branches to die back and mild cases are not normally detrimental to the plants growth.
Laburnum anagyroides is infected by the Twig Blight (Fusarium lateritium) causing brown lesions to appear in the twigs and progressing to blight the leaves appearing as wet areas.
Ligustrum species are susceptible to the Nodular Gall (Phomopsis species). This fungus causes small 25mm wide galls to appear on the plant. The fungus normally gains access through moist damaged tissue.
Liquidambar species are infected by the Twig Blight (Phomopsis juniperovora) causing cankers along the stems.
Magnolia species are susceptible to the Dieback (Phomopsis species). In these trees cankers form longitudinal cracks turning the bark dark brown and the heart wood blue-grey. Currently there is no known control and heavily affected plants should be removed.
Pinus species are infected by Cenangium Twig-Blight (Cenangium abietis) attacking the current season growth.
Salix species are infected by the twig blight (Physalospora miyabeana) that forms brown spots on the leaf upper surface and whitish lesions appear on the twigs.
Sequoia species are infected by Needle Blight (Chloroscypha chloramela) which attacks the young growth.
Taxodium distichum is infected by the Twig Blight (Pestalotia funereal) that forms small spots on the leaves, cones and bark, normally during wet periods.
Non-chemical Control
Avoid watering plants from above or wetting the foliage especially in the late afternoon. When planting allow space between each plant for good air circulation.
Remove affected foliage or wood by pruning and dispose off site. In a nursery avoid having seedlings placed alongside older stock or using Junipers as a windbreak around the nursery. When planting susceptible plants avoid poorly drained soils.
Chemical Control
Regular spraying where possible during the periods that are favourable for fungus development. Fungicides include;
Systemic types, Biteranol, carbendazim, triforine
Protectants; chlorothalonil, copper oxychloride, mancozeb, thiram, zineb
Note
Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.
DISEASE
NAME
Rust (General)
Various Rust Species
Description
Generally this fungal problem involves many species causing a range of symptoms, but generally produces pustules that release reddish - brown spores. Most fungus is specific to its host and normally will not infect other plant species.
Pustules
Symptoms
The upper leaf surface develops red, brown or yellow areas and the underside produces bright yellow to orange spores that correspond to the patches above. Infested leaves become brown in patches, fall prematurely and flower and fruit may also be infected. This overall, results in a loss of vigour and in small plants may lead to death.
Pelargonium x hortorum
Myrtle Rust (Puccinia psidii) This fungal disease infects plants in the Myrtaceae family and was only recently detected in 2010 and has since spread across eastern Australia from the Northern Territory to Queensland, NSW, Victoria and Tasmania. This rust attacks soft and actively growing foliage or shoots with varying symptoms. It normally starts as small purple spots on the leaves from which spores form in yellow pustules that fade to grey as the infection matures and can merge creating leaf distortion and death of the plant.
The life cycle starts when the powdery yellow spores are distributed by wind to other plants where they germinate and start to grow by piercing the plant cells to obtain nutrients. Germination occurs in dark moist positions with a temperature between 15° to 25°C and the new pustules can release spores in 10 to 12 days, (spores remain viable for 3-months). The spores spread rapidly by wind, water, insects or animals. They are also distributed by plant material, clothing, shoes and vehicles.
Puccinia psidii
Needle Rust (Melampsora farlowii) infects the new leaves turning them to yellow and fall from the shoot giving the branch a scorched appearance. The fruiting bodies are found on the underside of the leaf and is waxy-red.
Rust in Poplar (Melampsora species). A fungal problem involving at least two species (Melampsora medusae) and (Melampsora larici-idaei).
The upper leaf surface becomes flecked with yellow to light green and the underside produces bright yellow orange spores that correspond to the patches above. Infested leaves become brown in patches, fall prematurely and shoots may die back as a result of not being hardened off to the elements. This overall, results in a loss of vigour and in small plants may lead to death.
The source of the fungus is from other infected plants or fallen leaves and is dispersed by wind.
Host plants include Lombardy Poplars particularly Populus nigra 'Italica' and cottonwoods.
White Rust (Albugo candida) forms snow white pustules that contain colourless spores that turn yellow then brown and are found on the underside of leaves.
White Pine Blister Rust (WPBR) is caused by the fungus (Cronartium ribicola). It is a obligate parasite requiring a living host to survive. The life cycle requires two host species with part of it life on the Pinus species and the other part on Ribes species. First cankers or sores appear on the Pinus species realising spores that land on the Ribes species infecting it. The infection produces a different type of spore that land on the needles and growing branches of the Pinus species and eventually forming cankers. The spores are spread by wind and prefer cool moist conditions. Symptoms include brown spots on the needles and the appearance of dead branches in the crown. Cankers will also appear on the trunk and it tends to attack young trees. Control methods include removal of Ribus species in the affected areas and breading naturally resistant Pinus species.
The Rust (Endophyllum sempervivi) affects Sempervivum species by infecting the young leaves and eventually the crown. The mycelium then travels to the roots and extends into any off shots. Leaves that are infected turn yellowish, grow longer and are thin. Persistent infection may kill the plant.
Source and Dispersal
The source of the fungus is from other infected plants or fallen leaves that contain the fruiting bodies and is dispersed by wind.
Favoured Conditions
Generally rust is more prevalent during summer, preferring warm humid conditions and particularly when the leaves are damp.
Affected Plants
A wide range of ornamental annuals, perennials, ferns, trees, shrubs including, Hibiscus species that are infected by Kuehneola malvicola predominantly in southern USA.
Abies species are infected by many types of rust including (Milesia fructuosa) and (Uredinopsis mirabilis).
Abutilon, Phymosia and Alcea species are infected by the rust (Puccinia heterospora).
Alnus species are occasionally infected with Leaf Rust (Melampsoridium hiratsukanum) which forms yellowish pustules on the leaves that develop turning the leaf brown.
Amelanchler species and Calocedrus decurrens are infected by several rust species including (Gymnosporangium libocedri).
Antirrhinum majus (Snapdragon) is infected by the rust (Puccinia antirrhini). This fungal problem that infects the epidermal layer on the leaf underside, forming pale green areas that are raised and split open revealing reddish brown spores that have a dusty appearance.
As the infestation grows, concentric rings of spore pustules appear around the original infection. The corresponding position on the upper leafs surface turns yellow eventually causing the leaf to wilt and die. The infestation is not restricted to the leaves; all above ground parts of the plant are susceptible and infected plants transmit the fungus dispersing it by wind.
Infected plants should be removed and destroyed.
Anemone and Prunus species are infected by the rust (Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae) that stimulates abnormal growth in the plant during spring.
Aquilegia, Anemone, Delphinium and Clematis species are infected by the Rust (Puccinia rubigo-vera var. agropyri).
Arctostaphylos manzanita is infected by the rust (Pucciniastrum sparsum) occurring in coastal regions but is not normally detrimental to the plant.
Artemisia species are infected by the rust (Uromyces ari-triphylli) which is a systemic disease that is transmitted through seeds. It causes the leaves to turn yellow then die and can infect all parts of the plant except the roots.
Bambusa species are infected by the rust (Dasturella divina) which forms elongated brownish strips on the leaves.
Berberis species may be infected by the Rust (Puccinia graminis) that forms orange spotting on the leaves. It certain regions plants infected with this rust must be removed and destroyed to avoid infecting neighbouring agriculture crops.
Betula species may be infected by Leaf Rust (Melampsoridium betulinum) that forms reddish-yellow spots on the leaves and heavy infestation can defoliate the tree. The host tree changes to Pseudolarix species during the sexual stage and causes blistering of the leaves.
Calendula species may be infected by the Rust (Puccinia flaveriae).
Callistephus and Solidago species may be infected by the Rust (Coleosporium solidaginis) which forms bright yellow spots particularly on new foliage or young plants.
Canna species may be infected by the rust (Puccinia Thaliae).
Canna indica
Centaurea species are infected by the rust (Puccinia cyani) and (Puccinia irrequisita) which can cover the stems and leaves.
Cleome species are infected by the rust (Puccinia aristidae) but rarely requires control.
Dianthus species are infected by the rust (Uromyces dianthi) which forms powdery brown spots that appear on both sides of the leaves. The leaves curl and die and the plant becomes stunted. This is a common problem that occurs when grown in a protected enclosure (hot house).
Ficus species are infected by the rust (Cerotelium fici) which forms small brown spots, and causes the leaves to turn yellow then fall prematurely.
Fuchsia species are infected with (Pucciniastrum epilobii). This fungus caused purplish red blotches on the upper leaf surface, that become dry in the middle and result in a brown patch with purple edges. On the underside of the leaf, corresponding to the patches, yellow orange spores form. Heavily infected leaves become yellow and drop prematurely. This leads to a loss of vigour in the plant and infected plants transmit the fungus.
Certain cultivars are more susceptible than others, particularly 'Orange Drops' and 'Novella'.
Hydrangea species is infected by (Pucciniastrum hydrangeae) causing yellowish brown pustules to appear on both sides of the leaf. The leaf becomes dry and brittle.
Iris species
Iris and Dietes species are very susceptible to the rust (Puccinia iridis). Leaves form rusty red powdery spots that enlarge. They are appear on both sides of the leaves causing the surrounding area to turn pale yellow then brown and the black spores appear soon after, overwintering on dead infected leaves. Plants may be heavily infected but normally survive attack.
Larix species are infected by several Needle Rusts including (Melampsora paradoxa), (Melampsora medusae) and (Melampsoridium betulinum). The fungi attacks the needles predominantly towards the branch tips turning them yellow and eventually killing them . The underside of the leaf develops pale yellow fruiting bodies.
Lupinus species are infected by three species of rust including (Puccinia andropogonis var onobrychidis).
Malus andChaenomeles species may be infected by the rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae) or (Gymnosporangium clavipes) which forms brown or bright orange spots on the leaves or twigs and can defoliate the tree. Juniperus virginiana and Mespilus germanica may also be infected by rust.
Mathiola and Arabis species are infected by White Rust.
Pinus species are infects by the Comandra Blister-rust (Cronartium comandre).
Plumeria rubra Leaf upper surface Leaf underside
Plumeria species are susceptible to the rust (Coleosporium plumeriae). Leaves and flowers may be infected with the underside forming bright yellow pustules and causes premature leaf or flower drop.
Populus nigra 'Italica' is infected by the rust (Melampsora species) which forms pustules to form on the leaves turning them brown and causing premature leaf drop.
Rhododendron and Tsuga species are infected by the rust (Pucciniastrum vaccinii) and is commonly found in nursery stock, spreading rapidly. Tsuga species are also infected by Needle Rust.
Ribes species are infected by the rust (Cronartium ribicola). This leaf rust appears on the underside of the leaves (preferably older leaves) forming dusty brown pustules and is a serious problem. This rust only appears when White Pine (Pinus strobes) grows near where the alternate stage of the fungus occurs.
Rudbeckia species are infected by several species of rust including (Puccinia dioicae) and (Uromyces rudbeckiae).
Salix species are infected by four types of (Melampsora species).
Senecio, Bellis and Calendula species are infected by the rust (Puccinia lagenophora) which forms blister-like pustules that release brown spores.
Sorbus aucuparia is affected by several rust from the (Gymnosporangium species) causing circular yellow spots, that appear on the leaves during summer and develop into orange cup-shaped fruiting bodies.
Trillium species are infected by the rust (Uromyces halstedii) that damages the leaf surface.
Festuca arundinacea 
Rust
Turf Grass are susceptible to rust (Puccinia species) and (Uromyces species), causing yellow flecks to appear on the stems and leaves. These markings enlarge before the pustules form and in severs cases the lawn has a yellow, red or brown appearance.
The infection appears from spring to summer under humid low light conditions and turf that is under stress or with excessive nitrogen in the soil is more susceptible. Many species may be infected including Lolium perenne (Perennial Ryegrass) and Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass).
Rust on Perennial Ryegrass
Viburnum species are mildly affected by two types of rust (Coleosporium viburni) and (Puccinia linkii).
Viola species are infected by the rust (Puccinia violae) which forms green spots on the underside of the leaves. It is not commonly seen on cultivated plants.
Non-chemical Control
Cut off and destroy any infected branches, fallen leaves and remove heavily infected plants. Improve the culture by, pruning to improve air circulation, allow space between plants and avoid over crowding. Avoid planting susceptible species. Plants that are infected with a systemic form should be removed and destroyed
Chemical Control
Not possible to spray large trees but young plants may be treated with a protectant fungicide such as wettable sulphur. In a domestic garden small plants such as Fuchsia species may be sprayed with a protectant chemicals as symptoms appear, aided by the removal of existing infected leaves. Under commercial conditions stock may be sprayed with a fungicide such as oxycarboxin.
Note
Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.
Average Lowest Temperature : -1º C 30º F
USDA : 8, 9, 10, 11
This USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) hardiness zone chart can be used to indicate a plant’s ability to withstand average minimum temperatures. However, other factors such as soil type, pH, and moisture, drainage, humidity and exposure to sun and wind will also have a direct effect on your plant’s survival. Use this chart only as a guide, always keep the other factors in mind when deciding where, when and what to plant.
A plant's individual USDA zone can be found in the Plant Overview.
Climate Description
Warm to Sub-tropical
This overlaping zone has ample rain with high summer temeperatures and high humidity. Winters are mild. Pockets of sub-tropical climates exist within coastal warm temperate zones.
Frosts and droughts rarely occur along the coast.
Plant growth
Tropical and warm temperate native and exotic plants grow well.
| Dictionary | Growth Habit |
| Leaf Type | Botanic Flower Description |
| Leaf Shape | Flower Inflorescence |
| Leaf Arrangement | Fruit Type |
| Leaf Margin | Bark Type |
| Leaf Apex And Bases | Flower Description |
