Plant

Shrub
Evergreen
China, Japan 1880 Zone 8-10
Scaly

Bark Type

Scaly

Scaly bark has a mottled textured and sheds in plates or scales.
Bun-shape

Growth Habit

Bun-shape

Having a rounded bun shape.
Medium
1.5 - 6 m (5 - 20 ft )
3 m (10 ft)
3
Yes
Medium

Plant Overview

This shrub to small tree has greyish bark with strong horizontal branching and pendant branchlets that form an irregular rounded habit. The leaves are dull green and spider-like flowers are creamy yellow appearing from late winter to spring.

 

Loropetalum chinense (R.Br.) Oliv. is naturally found from the Himalaya foothills to China and Honshu, Japan growing on rocky hillsides, open woodlands and along stream banks in thickets up to an altitude of 1,200 m (3,937 ft). It prefers a moist but well-drained fertile sandy to clay soil that is tending acidic with a pH range from 6.0 to 7.0 (avoid lime). It grows in an open sunny to semi-shaded position and is drought tender but frost tolerant with a preferred minimum winter temperature of 5ºC (41ºF). 

 

The Chinese Fringed Flower is grown for its colourful flowers and its dense habit. It is commonly cultivated in small or cottage gardens as an informal hedge tolerating a light prune or is used in shrub borders for screening. When mature in 8 years or more it grows to 6 m (20ft) tall with rounded pendant habit and is used in large gardens or parks. It is suitable for low-mountain and inland regions establishing in 2 to 3 years and is long lived. It has a medium water requirement once established (Scale: 2-drops from 3) preferring to have reliable moist organic rich soil for optimum growth and dislikes dry conditions.

I.D. 5
UK hardiness zone H2
Climate zones 6 - 9, 14 - 24
USDA Zone 8-10?

 

Loropetalum (lor-oh-PET-al-um) chinense (chi-NEN-see)

 

Etymology

Genus: Greek - Loropetalum – from ‘loron’ meaning (strap) and ‘petalon’ meaning (leaf or petal) referring to the shape of the flower petals

Species:  chinense – meaning (China) referring to the region of origin

 

Common names; Chinese Fringe Flower, Chinese Witch Hazel, Chinese Fringe Bush, Fringe Flower

 

Cultivar

'Burgundy'

This plant has deep green oval leaves and deep pink flowers and is planted in parks and gardens as a specimen or in shrub borders.  It has a medium water requirement once established.

 

'China Pink'  

Loropetalum chinense rubrum

This evergreen shrub has pinkish flowers and reddish-purple leaves and is an excellent contrast specimen tolerating cooler conditions. It grows in full sun to semi-shade and has a medium water requirement once established.

 

'Rubrum'

This evergreen shrub is similar to the species and produces pink to red flowers.

 

Himalaya, China, Japan

 

Hamamelidaceae (hama-mel-DAY-see-ee)

 

This plant tolerates between USDA zones 8a to 10a and grows to 2.5 m, (7 ft)

Fahrenheit         10º to 35º F

These temperatures represent the lowest average.

Celsius            -12.2º to -1.6º C

 

Attention

This plant was last revised on the 12/06/2019

All photographs and data are covered by copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, reference or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part including images and text may be reproduced by any means without written permission. The information presented in the map is only indicative and may contain errors and omissions. All inquiries should be addressed to sales@plantfile.com attention Peter Kirkland.

Leaf

Simple

Simple

The leaf that is not divided.
Ovate

Leaf Shape

Ovate

The leaf that is broadest at the base tapering towards the apex.
Alternate

Leaf Arrangement

Alternate

Leaves are arranged alternately along the stem.
Entire

Leaf Margin

Entire

A leaf margin with no irregularities (smooth).
Dull green
45 - 50 mm ( 1.8 - 2.0 in )

Additional Information

The rough textured dark green ovate leaves are up to 50 mm (2 in) long with prominent venation and are pale green on the underside. The apex is acute and the leaf base is uneven with a short petiole. The small brown buds are imbricate.

Flower

Stellate

Botanic Flower Description

Stellate

When the petals radiate from a common centre forming a star-shape.
Fragrant
Cyme

Flower Inflorescence

Cyme

Flowers that are both solitary and branching into solitary.
White
18 - 20 mm ( 0.7 - 0.8 in )

Flowering Season

(Southern Hemisphere)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Additional Information

The white stellate flowers are up to 20 mm (¾ in) wide with 2-lips and spreading lobes that may have a purple flush and age to yellow. They occur in pairs from the leaf axils from spring to early summer.

Fruit

Capsule

Fruit Type

Capsule

A dried dehiscent fruit, with an enclosing membrane normally containing may seeds."
Grey - green
No
8 - 10 mm ( 0.3 - 0.4 in )

Fruiting Season

(Southern Hemisphere)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Additional Information

This small nut-like fruit is with a covering of short stiff hairs and is grey to green. The small seeds are viable but the plant is commonly reproduced vegetatively.

Environment

Well drained, reliable moist sandy to loamy soil, fertile, acidic
Tubs, planter boxes
Full sun, open position, drought tender and frost tolerant
Warm temperate
No major pest or disease problem, moderately deer resistant

Cultural Uses

The Chinese Fringed Flower is grown for its colourful flowers and its dense habit. It is commonly cultivated in small or cottage gardens as an informal hedge tolerating a light prune or is used in shrub borders for screening. When mature in 8 years or more it grows to 6 m (20ft) tall with rounded pendant habit and is used in large gardens or parks. It is suitable for low-mountain and inland regions establishing in 2 to 3 years and is long lived. This attractive shrub is also planted in Japanese gardens or may be pruned to form an espalier.

Cultivation

Light tip prune when young after flowering to thicken up and remove old cains
Mulch during summer, keep moist

Propagation

Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during late summer to autumn and apply bottom heat.

Sow seeds when ripe in a well drained media and keep moist and warm.

 

Propagation by Seed (General)

Germination

In order for a seed to germinate it must fulfil three conditions.

 

1. The embryo must be alive (a viable seed).

 

2. The seed must have no dormancy-inducing physiological, physical or chemical barrier to germination; also the seed must be nondormant.

 

3. The seed must have the appropriate environmental requirements, water, temperature and oxygen.

 

The interaction between these requirements and dormancy is complex which may lead to different environmental requirements that avoid the dormancy of a seed.

 

Sowing Seeds in Containers

 

There are two general methods for germinating seeds.

 

1. Sowing seeds in a flat or germinating bed, through which seedlings are pricked-out then, transplanted into another flat with wider spacing or directly to an individual pot.

 

2. Sowing seeds by placing them in to flats with the appropriate spacing or into individual pots.

 

This method is normally carried out with medium to large seeds such as woody plants and plants that are difficult to transplant.  

Seedling production normally occurs in a greenhouse / glasshouse, cold frames and on hot beds.

 

Method of Seed Sowing

 

Fine seed is sown in pots or flats that are no deeper than 70 to 80 mm (3 1/8 in). using a sterilised well-drained media (soil). Fill the container to 20 mm (¾ in) from the top and sprinkle sieved peat to 3 mm depth.

Press the media down level then firm with a piece of timber and then thoroughly moisten.

 

Mix the fine seed with washed sand and then sow thinly on the surface. These may be lightly covered with sand.

 

Larger seeds may be covered with media or a hole is dibbled and the seed is placed in the media.

 

Watering Methods

 

For watering you may either mist the containers from above or place the container in tepid water and allow the water to raise through the pot to the surface of the media, then drain away and do not fill to the top of the container.

 

Place a piece of glass over the pot and store in a protected warm environment (glasshouse).

 

Seeds germinate best in darkness so shade the containers if in direct sunlight.

 

After the seedlings have sprouted remove the glass and ease the seedlings into direct light.

 

When the seedlings are large enough prick them out then transplant into larger containers and place them in a shade-house to harden off.

 

Many seeds have different methods of seed preparation for germination such as nicking or cutting the seed coat to allow water penetration, also placing seeds in hot water and allowing it to cool off.

 

This is particularly important as it is softening the seed coat.

 

Asexual Propagation (Cutting general) 

Propagation from cuttings is possible because every cell of a plant containers the genetic information to create an entire plant.

 

1. Reproduction occurs through the formation of adventitious roots and shoots.

 

2. The uniting of vegetative parts with budding and grafting.

 

3. Taking stem cuttings and layering is possible due to the development of adventitious roots

 

4. Root cuttings can form new shoots then it is possible to join roots and shoots to form a new plant.

 

5. A new plant may be formed from a single cell in an aseptic culture system, (cloning).

 

It is important to propagate vegetatively as this form of cloning retains the unique characteristics of the cultivars or where particular aspects of a plant may be lost if propagated by seed.

 

Equipment Required for Taking Cuttings

 

1. A sharp knife that is not too large or a razor mounted in a handle.

 

2. Good pair of sharp secateurs that is clean.

 

3. A dibbler to make a hole in the media and allow the cutting to be placed in.

 

4. Propagation structures that are either a timber frame with glass or polyethylene cover or a glasshouse.

 

The object of the structure is to create an environment where the temperature and humidity can be controlled. This can be achieved with a simple cover over a pot with a wire frame and plastic.

This stops the draughts and maintains humidity.

 

5. A hotbed is a useful item as many plants root more quickly if the media is slightly warmer.

 

Bottom heat is obtained from thermostatically controlled heating cables that are running under the media.

 

6. Misting systems are of great benefit to cuttings as the regulated fogging with water inhibits the cuttings from drying out and as a result the cuttings may be grown in full sun.

 

This results in faster root development that is less subject to diseases by fungi and bacteria.

 

7. Rooting mediums

The rooting medium must be well drained, sand may be used as long as it is thoroughly washed and leached of all salts. It is very well drained and it is excellent for cutting that root up quickly. Equal parts of sand and peat moss have good results for cuttings, which are left for a period of time to allow the roots to form.

Vermiculite and perlite are also used as a well-drained rooting media but has the same disadvantage as sand having no nutrients. The cuttings must be potted up as soon as the roots developed, or a light application of liquid fertiliser can be applied.

 

Types of Cuttings

 

Stem cuttings

These are the main types of cuttings.

1. Softwood cuttings

These cuttings are taken from young growth on side shoots and tip growth.

 

2. Semi hardwood cuttings

These cuttings are taken from wood that is firmer and semi ripe usually during mid summer.

 

3. Hardwood cuttings

These cuttings are taken from mature wood normally towards the end of the season.

 

4. Root cuttings

Cutting sections of roots to obtain new plants during late winter to early spring.

 

5. Leaf cuttings

Cutting the leaf blade in order to obtain new plants during the growing period of the plant.

 

Cutting preparation

Hardwood cuttings

When taking hardwood cuttings remove the leaves and in semi hardwood reduce the number of leaves by half. Cut the wood straight across just below a node or joint. Hardwood cuttings are normally between 100 to 760 mm (30 in) long and may have either a heel of the older wood attached to the base, or a short section of the older wood at the base. These cuttings are prepared during the dormant season from late autumn to early spring and are made up from previous season's growth.

 

This type of cutting is used for woody deciduous plants such as Crepe Myrtle, Rose rootstocks and some fruit trees.

The cuttings should be healthy wood with ample supply of stored food as to nourish developing roots, shoots and placed in the rooting media with the aid of a dibbler stick.

 

Softwood cuttings

The cuttings for softwood should be 60 to 130 mm (5 1/8 in) long and be of material with enough substance as to not deteriorate before the new roots appear. Cut below a node and retain the leaves on the upper portion. Place in a well-drained media and maintain a high humidity.

 

Soaking the cuttings and leaving them standing in water for long periods is undesirable.

 

Herbaceous cuttings

These cuttings are taken from succulent plants such as Geraniums and Coleus. The cutting should be 70 to 130 mm (5 1/8 in) long with leaves retained on the upper end. As in softwood cuttings these require an environment of high humidity. Some fleshy cuttings ooze sap and may require a drying period for a few hours before being placed in the rooting media.

 

Leaf cutting

In these cuttings a leaf blade and petiole or part off is used to raise a new plant.  The original leaf doses not become a part of the new plant as roots and shoots appear from the base of the leaf. In some cases roots appear from the severed veins.

 

Leaf-Bud cuttings

 

These cuttings incorporate a leaf, petiole and a small piece of the stem. These cuttings are an advantage where the plant uses the axillary bud at the base of the petiole for new shoot growth and maximises available propagation material, as each node will produce a new plant.

As in softwood cuttings these require an environment with high humidity and warmth.

 

Root cuttings

These cuttings are best taken from younger plants during late winter to early spring prior the new season's growth unless the dormant period is during summer.

Trim the roots as they are dug up, to maintain polarity cut strength at the crown end and a slanted cut at the distal end (away from the crown).

 

Root cuttings of small plants are placed in flats in lengths of 20 to 50 mm (2 in) and laying horizontally on the surface of the soil. These may be lightly covered with sieved sand or media, watered and then placing a piece of glass or polyethylene over the container till roots / shoots appear.

 

Fleshy Root cuttings

These cuttings should be 50 to 75 mm (3 in) long and placed vertically in a well-drained sand media.

Keep the polarity correct and when the roots develop transplant the cuttings into a separate container.

 

Large Root cuttings

These cuttings are 50 to 150 mm (6 in)  long are tied up in bundles and placed in boxes of damp sand, sawdust or peat for about three weeks at a temperature of 4. 5 deg C.  When taken out they should be planted in a prepared bed 50 to 80 mm (3 1/8 in) apart with the tops of the cuttings level with or just below the soil level.

Pests

105
Deer
Cervus species
Cervidae

Note: Plants affected by this pest are Deer Resistant plants not the susceptible plants.

 

PEST

   NAME

     Deer

     Cervus species

   ORDER

     Artiodactyla

   FAMILY

     Cervidae

 

 

Description of the Pest

There are two species of the deer in North America, the Whitetail (Odocoileus virginianus) and the Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with several regional variations such as the Pacific coastal Blacktail (O.h. columbianus) which is regarded as a sub-species of the Mule deer.

 

The Whitetail on average grows to 112 cm (44in) tall and 180 mm (70 in) long and weigh 68 kgs (150lbs). The fir colour varies according to its environment but generally it is reddish-brown during summer and grey-brown in winter with a pure white underside on its tail. When the tail is erect it is known as the "white flag". Its antlers consist of two main beams from which the points emerge.

 

The Mule deer grow to 105 cm (42 in) tall and are up to 200 cm (80 in) long with the adult buck weighing up to 137 kgs (300 lbs) and the does up to 80 kgs (175 lbs). The fir is generally tawny brown during summer and during winter it has a heaver grey-brown to blue-grey coat with a small white tail that is tipped in black. The other distinguishing features are its ears that are up to 300 mm (1 ft) long (mule-like) and its antlers, with the two beams that are forked into smaller beams, which inturn fork again and again.

 

The Blacktail deer (Pacific coastal Blacktail) grows to 97 cm (38 in) tall and is up to 105 cm (60 in) long and weighs on average 73 kgs (160 lbs). The fir is generally tawny brown during summer and during winter it has a heaver grey-brown to blue-grey coat with a tail that is dark brown at the base then changing to black for 50% of its length. The antlers consist of two beams that are forked into smaller beams, which inturn fork again and again.

 

Appearance and Distribution of the Pest

The Whitetail deer are found throughout eastern United States, on the coast and inland but are not commonly seen in California, Utah or Nevada. They do not migrate but congregate together (yard up) during winter and feed in a part of their existing territory.

 

The Mule Deer are found in the western part of North America from South eastern Alaska to Mexico and from the Pacific coast to Texas. They migrate from highland mountain meadows to southern or lower snow free forested valleys during winter.

 

The Blacktail deer are found on the Pacific coast from Alaska to northern California. There is both resident and migratory Blacktails. The  migratory Blacktails move southwards during late autumn at the first sigh of snow or heavy sustained rain and the resident Blacktails seek cover their existing territory amongst woodlands during the winter months.  

 

Life Cycle

All Deer breed from autumn to early winter and the does give birth from late spring to early summer.

 

Period of Activity

Deer are most active from spring to autumn but can be troublesome during winter when the feed is scarce. In some regions urban landscapes become the major food source both in summer and winter.

 

Damage Caused

Browsing deer will feed on almost any plant and is most commonly noticeable during spring feeding on the new growth or twigs and stems leaving a shredded appearance. Deer also rub their antlers against trees damaging bark and snapping off small branches, this action also incurs damage under hoof as plants, lawns and garden structures are trampled on.

 

Susceptible Plants

Some plants are more palatable to deer but when a deer is hungry or during drought conditions there are no "Deer Proof" plants. There is a range of plants that have a bad taste and are not destroyed and are regarded as (deer resistant plants). Deer resistant plants are the plants that are attached to this file not the susceptible plants.

 

Cultural Control

There are many cultural controls that have been tried to move browsing deer such as frightening them with strobe lights, pyrotechnics or tethered savage dogs. These actions are only temporary and may cause more trouble as the stampeding animals move off. Fencing and netting can be an effective method of discouraging hungry deer from gardens but may be expensive on a large scale and require maintenance. There are several types of fences which include conventional 2.2m (8 ft) deer-proof woven wire fences or single-wire electric fences and slanted deer fences. Plant selection can also be effective, by using less desirable plants (deer resistant plants) as an outer border to the more desirable plant species and  thus discouraging the deer to enter the garden. Hedges and windrows of less desirable thorny plants can also be a deterrent to browsing deer.

 

Chemical Control

There are two main types of repellents contact and area. Contact repellents are applied directly to the plants and deter deer with a bad taste or smell. They can be applied by rubbing or spraying on to the plants and commonly used in an egg mixture. The commercial products have proven to work better than home remedies which include soap or chilli mixtures and hanging bags of human hair.

Area repellents rely on an offensive odour and are placed around areas that are frequently visited.

 

Contact your local distributor for available types and application.


Diseases

No Record Found . . .
Leaf to 50 mm (2 in) long
Flower to 20 mm(3/4 in) wide
Rounded habit
Mature tree

Plant Photo Gallery - Click thumbnails to enlarge

Climate zone

This Plant tolerates zones 8-10

Average Lowest Temperature : -3º C 27º F

USDA : 8, 9, 10

This USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) hardiness zone chart can be used to indicate a plant’s ability to withstand average minimum temperatures. However, other factors such as soil type, pH, and moisture, drainage, humidity and exposure to sun and wind will also have a direct effect on your plant’s survival. Use this chart only as a guide, always keep the other factors in mind when deciding where, when and what to plant.

A plant's individual USDA zone can be found in the Plant Overview.

Region of origin


Himalaya, China, Japan

Climate Description

Warm Temperate
This zone has the majority of rain during winter in the west and summer in the east with high humidity. Summer temperatures may peak at 40ºC (104ºF).
Frost and drought mainly occur inland and coastal wind is normally accompanied with rain.

Plant growth

Wide range of native and exotic plants grow well.

Glossary

Dictionary Growth Habit
Leaf Type Botanic Flower Description
Leaf Shape Flower Inflorescence
Leaf Arrangement Fruit Type
Leaf Margin Bark Type
Leaf Apex And Bases Flower Description