Bougainvillea spectabilis

PEST

   NAME

     Two-spotted Mite, Red Spider Mite

     Tetranychus urticae

   ORDER

     Acarina

   FAMILY

     Tetranychidae

Description of the Pest

Also known as the red spider mite. Females are pale green or yellowish, depending on the host plant, and have two dark lateral markings; the mite becomes red in winter, retaining their dark markings. Nymphs are six-legged, with another pair of legs appearing as the mite matures. Males are smaller and narrower. Fully-grown adults are just visible to the naked eye. Two-spotted mites spread by crawling between nearby plants or movement of dead leaves.

Appearance and Distribution of the Pest

Found world-wide; an introduced pest in Australia. They congregate in protected places, such as under bark and at the base of trees, during winter. During spring, they become green in colour, and migrate back into the leaves. During heavy infestations, the leaves may be covered in visible webs, which they spin as they feed. Leaves may eventually wither and fall. Mites can spread via the movement of dead leaves, or in webs that have become attached to birds or large insects. They initially appear on the undersides of leaves.

Spruce Spider Mite (Oligonychus ununguis) is a tiny greenish black adult which lays eggs on twigs where they overwinter. The pale green young spiders suck the sap turning the leaves yellow to brown. Heavy infestations form webbing and the pest is found on Abies and Juniperus species.

Banana spider mite (Tetranychus lambi) is a major widespread pest of bananas.  It differs from two spotted mite by not producing copious amount of webbing.  It is highly active during the dry spring to summer period and with the onset of the wet season mite numbers are reduced.  The warm dry conditions that are created under plastic bunch covers is ideal for building up banana spider mite numbers.

Damage is normally confined to the underside of leaves appearing as rusty patches that coalesce along the leaf veins eventually turning the whole leaf brown-grey before it collapses.  Fruit is damaged, close to the bunch stalk causing the area to become dull red purple-black, which in turn becomes dry then cracks.

  Damage fruit

Control methods include careful water management during dry periods, and the reduction of dust from roadways.  Regular desuckering and leaf trimming of plants will assist with a good coverage when spraying miticides.

Life Cycle

Mites have a gradual metamorphosis, with several nymphal stages. Each female lays up to 100 eggs that hatch in 7-14 days, with several generations appearing throughout the year. Females may become inactive during cold weather.

Webbing         

Period of Activity

The Two-spotted mite is most active in hot dry conditions. Under optimum conditions, the population can double every four days. It produces large quantities of webbing for over-wintering nests. Many plants are only susceptible to this insect when cultivated under glass.

Damage Caused

Adults and nymphs lacerated the undersides of the leaves with there rasping mouth parts, although infestations on both surfaces are not uncommon. Infestations cause leaf mottling leaf fall; premature leaf loss causes loss of vigour and reduces the quality and quantity of future crops. Repeated infestations, year after year, may weaken root growth and kill herbaceous plants.

Susceptible Plants

A wide range of plants are attacked by the Red Spider Mite including annuals, fruit trees and vegetables, ornamental shrubs and trees.

Note

Many plant species are more susceptible to Red Spider Mite when they are cultivated under glass.

Other species of mite that are mentioned below have simular characteristics.

Calluna, Rose, Tropaeolum and Viola and species are infested with the Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus telarius) commonly in greenhouse situations.

Musa species are attacked by two spotted mite and banana spider mite damaging foliage and fruit.

Juglans species can be infested with up to four types of mites including red spider.

Cultural Control

Heavy rain or irrigation can reduce numbers; some plants may benefit from replanting in cooler locations. Generally, however, infested material should be completely removed and destroyed.

Preventative measures such as removing weeds or mulching around trees or shrubs or scrubbing the loose bark of susceptible trees during winter helps reduce numbers. During spring sticky bands can be wrapped around trunks close to the ground to trap the mites.

Biological Control

Natural predators include lacewings, ladybirds and thrips help keep the numbers down. Insecticide-resistant predatory mites (Typhlodromus occidenyalis) are also available commercially to control the Two-spotted Mite only on a large scale, as they require ample mites to survive.

Chemical Control

Spraying should be carried out as a last resort as many predators are killed during the operation and spraying can have the opposite effect by increasing numbers in the long term. Dimethoate will reduce numbers; however, Two-spotted mites are resistant to insecticides in some areas. Dusting with wettable sulphur may also prove effective.

Note

Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.

PEST

 

   NAME

     Mealybugs

     Various Mealybug Species

 

   ORDER

     Hemiptera

 

   FAMILY

     Pseudococcidae

 

Description of the Pest

Adult females are 3-5mm long, flattened oval-shaped white insects, which secrete a white, mealy wax that forms a row of hair-like filaments of fairly uniform length around the edge of the body; the hind end bears one or two pairs of filaments that are longer than the others. They are mobile but slow-moving. The seldom-seen adult males are tiny winged insects with a pair of long waxy tail filaments. Early stage nymphs are tiny, pink and mobile; later stages resemble adult females.

 

                 

 

There are many types of mealybugs including;

·        Longtailed Mealybugs (Pseudococcus longispinus) generally have tail filaments that are longer than there body. If squashed yellow body fluid is revealed and the eggs are laid under the body and normally hatch immediately.

 

·        Citrus Mealybug (Planococcus citri). This insect has tail filaments that are less than 1/3 the length of its body. It produces yellow orange body fluid and lays eggs in a cottony mass.

 

·        Citrophilous Mealybug ( Pseudococcus calceolariae). This insect has tail filaments that are about 1/3 the length of its body. It produces dark red body fluid and the eggs are laid in a cottony sac.

 

·        Root Mealybug (Rhizeocus falcifer). This insect is not normally seen but produces a open white mass as it feeds on the outer or terminal roots, normally container plants, particularly cacti species. The eggs are laid in the waxy mass and adults may dispersed by ants.

 

·        Hibiscus Mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus)

·        Tuber Mealybug (Pseudococcus affinis)

 

The Mealybugs (Pseudococcus  adonidum) and (Planococcus citri) are a major pest of cacti species,  sucking sap and turning the infected area yellow. These pests are also found on Strelitzia, Camellia and Yucca species.

 

Appearance and Distribution of the Pest

Mealy bugs are found worldwide. The above ground species are found in sheltered areas such as under a leaf or in leaf bases. They are also found where two fruits or leaves touch and are not readily noticeable.

 

The below ground species are only found when a plant is re-potted or the infected plant wilts and dies. Mealybugs are distributed several ways including slowly walking to a new host or transferred on clothing, contaminated plants or strong wind and on visiting insects. They are also farmed by ants which in a nursery situation infest pots by tunnelling and carrying mealybugs to the roots.

 

Attending Ants

 

Life Cycle

These insects have a Hemimetabolous life cycle, ie. When the immature nymphs resemble the adults.

Up to 200 young are produced in 2-3 weeks; eggs may hatch as they are being laid. The life cycle includes eggs, nymphs (3 to 4 stages) to adult takes 6 weeks, in warmer months; several generations appear throughout the year.

 

Period of Activity

Active all year, particularly in spring and autumn. Warm, humid conditions are preferred and the insect overwinter outdoors as eggs. These may be found on surrounding weeds. In Citrus species many longtailed mealybugs overwinter as juveniles, maturing during spring. In a Glasshouse conditions mealybugs are active through the year.

 

Damage Caused

Adults and nymphs suck sap, congregating in sheltered parts of the plants; some species feed undetected on roots. Early infestations may go unnoticed until the plant begins to wilt. The insect also produces honeydew, which gives rise to sooty mould.

 

         Clivia miniata

 

Susceptible Plants

Mealybugs are found on a wide variety of trees and shrubs. They are also destructive to many ornamentals; including indoor plants (especially African violets and ferns), and are a major greenhouse pest.

 

Cactus species

Many species of mealybug are common pest of cactus and succulents.  The small, grey to light brown mealy bugs are difficult to see amongst the spines. Nesting females appear as the small balls of white fluff on cactus spines or around the base and under the rim of the pots.  The female will produce eggs or living nymphs and the insect will produce honeydew that attracts ants.  Ants should be discouraged as they farm mealy bugs, moving them from one place to another in a cactus collection.

Cactus is also attacked by the root mealybugs that infest the roots of plants and their damage allows fungal and bacterial infections to enter the plant tissue.  They can be identified by white fluffy deposits in the soil or underneath a pot and appeared as tiny pinkish brown wood lice up to 3 mm long.

 

Catalpa species are susceptible to the mealybug (Pseudococcus comstocki) which is a wax covered mealybug that causes distorted growth of the branches and branchlets.

 

Fern species are commonly attacked by mealy bugs and can be recognised by small white, waxy secretions as it feeds in the crevices at vein junctions or on the exposed rhizome.

 

Hedera and Crassula species are susceptible to three species of mealybugs including Citrus Mealybug (Planococcus citri) and not normally requiring control.

 

Laburnum anagyroides is infested with the Grape Mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus) infesting the branches and twigs.

 

Plumeria acutifolia becomes infested with mealybugs on the new growth but normally control is not required.

 

Psidium species are attacked by the Longtailed Mealybugs (Pseudococcus longispinus).

 

Sequoia species are attacked by three species of Mealybugs including (Planococcus citri).

 

Thymus species are attacked by the Root Mealybug (Rhizeocus falcifer).

 

Thuja species Cupressus macrocarpa and Araucaria heterophylla are can be infested with the mealybugs (Pseudococcus ryani).

 

Turf Grass may be infested with mealybugs causing severs damage and often go undetected and build up large colonies quickly. The turf forms brown dry patches and looks simular to Dollar Spot the infestation may also occur around core holes and can be discouraged by generous watering. Agrostis palustris (Bent) and Cynodon species (Couch) are commonly attacked.

 

Yucca species are attacked by the mealybug (Planococcus citri).

 

Cultural Control

Small plants may be sprayed with a soapy water solution or sponged down preferably during the evening. Heavily infected areas should be pruned and destroyed or the whole plant removed. Infested pot-plants should be discarded and thoroughly disinfect pots before recycling). Maintain vigour by watering to replace sap loss, this helps infected plants to recover.

As a preventative measure for root mealybugs grind up mothballs and add them to the potting mix to discourage infestations.  Care should be taken as the chemicals in mothballs can damage plastic pots (use clay pots) and in some countries such as the UK. mothballs must be used as directed on the label.

 

Biological Control

Lacewing and ladybeetle larvae (Cryptolaemus montrouzeri) control small infestations. This predator insect requires temperatures of at least 21° C. (70°F) and in small infestations it is difficult to maintain a balance between predator and prey.  

 

     

Ladybird beetle larvae eats Mealybugs                              Ladybird beetle up to 4 mm long

 

Chemical Control

Spray with white oil may have an effect on the population or spray Omethoate. Contact insecticides are usually ineffective because of the insect's protective waxy coating.

Note

Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.

PEST

   NAME

     Whitefly, Snow flies

     Various Whitefly Species

   ORDER

     Hemiptera

   FAMILY

     Aleyrodidae

Description of the Pest

This is a small sap sucking moth-like insect up to 3mm long with winged adults that have a covering of fine white powder, hence the common name. The wings are folded flat over the body and males live for one month and females live up to three months. The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaf and the wingless nymphs are immobile, flattened-round scale -like with a fringe of waxy filaments. The nymphs are translucent to greenish, congregating on young plant tissue and both adults and nymphs suck sap and producing honeydew.  

There are several species such as Ash whitefly (Siphoninus phillyreae), Tobacco whitefly (Bemesia tabaci), Silverleaf whitefly and Spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus disperses)

Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

This species of whitefly normally grow to 2mm long with two pairs of wings. Their colour is due to a covering of a fine white wax and the insect has a white-moth appearance. If disturbed the insects swarm and resettle on the plant quickly. The first nymphal stage is mobile and the later stage is scale-like with fine waxy marginal hairs. These nymphal stages produce honeydew, which encourages sooty mould. It is a persistent pest commonly found in glasshouses.

Adult                   Appearance under the leaf

The Hakea Whitefly (Synaleurodicus hakeae) is a small, moth-like up to 0.15mm wide with wings that have a powdery coating and produce flattened scale-like nymphs. Both adult and nymph gather together in colonies and suck sap.

Appearance and Distribution of the Pest

The eggs are laid during the spring and the adults tend to stay on the underside of the leaf until disturbed, when they fly in mass and may infect other plants. Many plants are only susceptible to this insect when cultivated under glass.

Life Cycle

This insect has a Hemimetabolous life cycle, ie. When the immature nymphs resemble the adults.

White flies have a gradual metamorphosis, egg and four nymphal stages. One generation occurs from three to eight weeks and is dependant on the current weather. Hundreds of eggs are deposited on the underside of leaves in arch or circles each with a short stalk.

Eggs laid in a pattern      Eggs laid in a pattern

After hatching the first nymphal stage wanders around on the leaf surface for several days. Then selects a place to suck sap where it goes through all nymphal stages emerging as an adult after the fourth stage.

Period of Activity

This peat is found from tropical to temperate regions and is most active during warm weather. It is difficult to predict an infestation, as some years it is severe and other years it is absent. In glasshouse conditions it is often a problem and may extend outside the normal period of activity. They overwinter in the egg stage or find sheltered places to hide.

Damage Caused

Affected plants have leaves with yellowish to white mottling on the upper surface or with shiny secretions on new shoots or on the underside. Heavy infestations cause leaves to wilt and sooty mould to appear on the honeydew. Plant looses vigour and in some cases die.

                  Tagetes erecta

Susceptible Plants

Whiteflies attack a wide range of plants affected by this insect, including Abutilon, Boronia, Hibiscus and Fuchsia species. Citrus, Vegetables, Ferns and certain weed species are venerable. Australian native plants are also attacked, such as the Hakea species.

Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) attacks a wide range of ornamental plants, weeds and vegetables including; Phaseolus (beans), Lycopersicon  (tomatoes), potatoes, Cucumis (cucurbits), Lactuca (lettuce), Dendranthema (Chrysanthemum), Dahlia and Hibiscus species.

Several ferns, including Adiantum, Asplenium, Davallia, Nephrolepis, Onychium, Platycerium and Pteris species are attacked with nymphs congregating on the underside of the fronds, normally causing little damage.

Rhododendron species are attacked by the Rhododendron White Fly (Dialeurodes chittendeni) causing yellowish mottled appearance on the upper surface of the leaf.

Cultural Control

It is difficult to control with out the application of chemicals, though strong jets of water greatly disturb the colonies. Companion plantings with basil or other aromatic plants deters white flies or spray the plants with onion-garlic spray.

In an enclosed environment sticky fly paper can reduce numbers. When the nymphal stage is found an application of white oil will reduce numbers.

Biological Control

A parasitic wasp (Encarsia Formosa) attacks nymphal stages reducing numbers. Other predators include small birds, spiders, ladybirds and there lava, hover flies, damsel flies and mantids.

Chemical Control

Plants may be sprayed with Dimethoate, permethrin, bifenthrin or pirimiphos-methyl, but some insects have immunity to chemicals. The pest may also be sprayed with a mixture of white oil and nicotine sulphate or pyrethrum.

Note

Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.

PEST

 

   NAME

     Scale Insect

     Various Scale Species

 

   ORDER

     Hemiptera

 

Description of the Pest

Generally scales are soft bodied insects that have a hard (armoured) or soft covering to hide under. They have piercing and sucking mouth parts that are attached to the host, feed off sap and soft scales commonly producing sweet honeydew, which in turn attracts sooty mould and ants.

The adult female has a circular or oval covering depending on the species and is up to 8mm across. The first stage (crawlers) hatch and wander around the leaf surface until finding a suitable place to suck sap, normally in colonies and the smaller male is relatively inconspicuous.

 

Hard Scale                   Soft Scale, attending Ants

 

Cactus Scale (Diaspis echinocacti) has a circular greyish female and a narrow white male scale and is commonly found on house plants.

 

Chain Scales (Pulvinaria species) adult females are obvious with large group of eggs that are white or cottony-like, and the tiny young light green scales are flat and oval-shaped up to 2mm long. The legged nymphs are normally arranged from head to tail along the mid rib of the leaf, and may move to a new position to feed. They excrete honeydew and attract sooty mould and are found on Acacia and Acronychia species.

 

Chinese Wax Scale

 

Chinese Wax Scale (Ceroplastes sinensis) is a domed wax scale that has dark spots around its margin and immature scales form waxy material around there margins.

 

Fern Scale on Aspidistra elatior

 

Fern Scale or Coconut Scale (Pinnaspis aspidistrae) appears as flecks up to 0.15mm long with a white covering over the male congregating on the underside of the fronds on the axils and among the sporangia causing them to turn yellow. Many species of fern are susceptible to infestation.

 

                  Flat Brown Scale

 

Flat Brown Scale (Eucalymnatus tessellates) are light brown up to 0.5mm long, flat and closely attached both sides of the leaf and causing yellowing of the foliage.

 

Juniper Scale (Diaspis carueli) is tiny and circular, white maturing to grey-black and as it feeds the needles turn yellow and die.

 

Oleander Scale (Aspidiotus hederae) is a pale yellow circular scale up to 3mm across and is found in dense colonies on the stem or leaves.

 

Tea-tree Scale (Eriococcus orariensis) are a creamy blue colour normally packed along the branches and are plump and rounded to 4mm across.

 

                  Wattle Tick Scale

 

Tick or Wattle Scale (Cryptes baccatus) adult is domed, blue-slate colour with a leathery covering up to 10mm long. All stages of growth are found in groups of over forty, packed along the stems and normally tended by ants as they produce large amounts of honeydew. A serious pest of Acacia species found inland or coastal from temperate to sub tropical climates and commonly accompanied by Sooty Mould.

 

Toxic Scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae) is a tiny flat rounded scale up to 0.15mm long and is white to pale pink. It is normally found in colonies on the small branches and twigs of shrubs. It injects a toxic substance into the host as it sucks sap causing the death of the branch.

 

Wattle Scale (Pseudococcus albizziae) is soft, plump and secrets cotton-like threads. It is not a true scale insect and is simular to mealy bugs. It is reddish-brown up to 0.4mm long and secrets large amounts of honeydew as it sucks sap in colonies along the branches.

 

Life Cycle

These insects have a Hemimetabolous life cycle, ie. When the immature nymphs resemble the adults.

 

Appearance of the Pest

All parts of the plant above the soil may be attacked, but normally the stems and leaves and scale tends to favour well-lit positions.

 

Period of Activity

The nymphs and females are active for most of the year, in warm climates. Once they selected a position they attach and don't move. Normally the winged or wingless males are mobile and only soft scales produce honeydew.

 

Susceptible Plants

There is a wide range of susceptible plants including citrus, willows, holly, and many ornamentals, such as roses or Paeonia species. It also attacks indoor or glasshouse plants and Australian native plants such as wattles, hakeas, grevilleas and eucalyptus.

 

Acacia species are attacked by the Tick or Wattle Scale, which infest twigs and small branches and heavy infestations will kill the host plant.

 

Acer species are attacked by the Cotton Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilia) which prefers Acer saccharinum. Nymphs first attack the leaves and the brown adult scale is covered in a woolly mass up to 14mm across, normally found on the underside of the stems and twigs.

 

Acmena smithii, Melaleuca, Syzygium and Pittosporum species are attacked by the Chinese Wax Scale.

 

Aesculus species are attacked by several scale insects including the Walnut Scale (Aspidiotus juglans-regiae) which is saucer-shaped and attacks the main trunks.

 

Agave species are susceptible to several types of scale including (Aspidiotus nerii), (Aonidiella aurantii) and (Pinnaspis strachani), but generally do not require control.

 

Asplenium australasicum

 

Asplenium australasicum is susceptible to Coconut Scale or Fern Scale (Pinnaspis aspidistrae). It is normally found on the under side of the fronds. Small infestations cause little damage.

 

Bougainvillea species may be attacked by the soft scale (Coccus hesperidum) outdoors or under glass.

 

Calluna and Vaccinium species are attacked by the Oyster Shell Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi).

 

Camellia species may be attacked by the Florida Red Scale (Chrysomphalus aonidum), which is small, circular and black and is found firmly attached to the underside of the leaf along the veins. On inspection after removing the scale the insect has a pale yellow body. Camellias are also attacked by a large variety of scale insects including Tea Scale and Camellia Scale.

 

Carpinus species may be attacked by the scale (Phenacoccus acericola). It is found on the underside of the leaves forming a white cotton-like clump along the veins.

 

Casuarina and Allocasuarina species may be attacked by the Casuarina Scale (Frenchia casuarinae), a black hard scale that is upright to 4mm with a pinkish body. During attachment the surrounding tissue swells up and in time can, form galls. This weakens the wood and in severe infestations may kill the tree.

 

Cotoneaster species are attacked by up to four species of scale including the Oyster Shell Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi).

 

Cupressus species are attacked by Bark Scale (Ehrhornia cupressi) is pink and covered in white wax. Heavy infestations cause the leaves to turn yellow or reddish.

 

Flat Brown Scale on Cycas revoluta

 

Cycads, palms and some species of Callistemon are attacked by the Flat Brown Scale.

 

Erica species are attacked by several species of scale including, Greedy, Oleander and Oystershell scale.

 

Jasminum species can be infested with up to twelve types of scale.

 

Juniperus x media and other conifer species are attacked by the Juniper Scale.

 

Leptospermum species are attacked by the Tea-tree Scale which produces ample honey dew that promotes sooty mould.

 

Palm and Fern species are susceptible to attack by the Coconut Scale or Fern Scale (Pinnaspis aspidistrae) which infests the underside of the leaves. They are also hosts for many other scale species such as red, cottony cushion and tea scale.

 

Pinus species are attacked by several species of scale including the Pine Tortoise Scale (Toumeyella numismaticum) and the Red Pine Scale (Matsucoccus resinosae).

 

Polygonum odoratum is attacked by a small brown scale.

 

 

Sorbus aucuparia is attacked by a five species of scale insect, including Black Cottony Maple, San Jose and Scurfy. Generally they suck on the sap of the new growth and leaves.

 

Strelitzia species are attacked by the Greedy Scale (Aspidiotus camelliae).

 

Damage Caused

Leaves become yellow and are shed prematurely and there may be twig or stem die-back. When the infestation occurs on fruit, the fruit is small and its skin becomes pitted and cracked. Small trees and saplings that are heavily infested may be seriously damaged or die. Sooty mould can cover fruit or leaves causing a secondary problem.

 

Cactus Scale can completely cover the host cactus sucking sap and causing it to die.

 

Cultural Control

Dead or damaged parts of the plant should be removed and destroyed including fallen fruit. Small infestations may be removed by hand or squashed on the stems. Healthy plants are less susceptible to attack, so maintain vigour of the plant and avoid using high-nitrogen fertiliser that produces excessive soft young growth.

When pruning susceptible plants paint the cuts with antifungal sealant paint as scale insects are attracted to the sweet smell of the sap. This will reduce the infection rate of the plant.

 

Biological Control

Natural predators such as parasitic wasps may reduce numbers of active nymphs; parasitic wasps are bred commercially in some areas for this purpose. It should be noted, however, that wasps would avoid dusty conditions.

Other predators that assist in control are assassin bugs, ladybirds, lacewings, hover flies and scale eating caterpillars. A variety of birds also attack scales.

The control of ants that transport aphid from one host to another also reduces infestation and can be carried out by applying at least three greased bandages 5mm apart around the stem or trunk of the plant.

 

Chemical Control

Spray the entire plant with dilute white oil solution; a follow-up spray may be required after four weeks, for heavy infestations. Spraying of chemicals will also kill of natural predators and in some cases the secondary scale infestation is more prolific especially when using copper based chemicals.

Some chemical controls, such as methidathion, are available - please seek advice from your local nursery as to the suitable product for your area.

Note

Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.

Note: Plants affected by this pest are Deer Resistant plants not the susceptible plants.

 

PEST

   NAME

     Deer

     Cervus species

   ORDER

     Artiodactyla

   FAMILY

     Cervidae

 

 

Description of the Pest

There are two species of the deer in North America, the Whitetail (Odocoileus virginianus) and the Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with several regional variations such as the Pacific coastal Blacktail (O.h. columbianus) which is regarded as a sub-species of the Mule deer.

 

The Whitetail on average grows to 112 cm (44in) tall and 180 mm (70 in) long and weigh 68 kgs (150lbs). The fir colour varies according to its environment but generally it is reddish-brown during summer and grey-brown in winter with a pure white underside on its tail. When the tail is erect it is known as the "white flag". Its antlers consist of two main beams from which the points emerge.

 

The Mule deer grow to 105 cm (42 in) tall and are up to 200 cm (80 in) long with the adult buck weighing up to 137 kgs (300 lbs) and the does up to 80 kgs (175 lbs). The fir is generally tawny brown during summer and during winter it has a heaver grey-brown to blue-grey coat with a small white tail that is tipped in black. The other distinguishing features are its ears that are up to 300 mm (1 ft) long (mule-like) and its antlers, with the two beams that are forked into smaller beams, which inturn fork again and again.

 

The Blacktail deer (Pacific coastal Blacktail) grows to 97 cm (38 in) tall and is up to 105 cm (60 in) long and weighs on average 73 kgs (160 lbs). The fir is generally tawny brown during summer and during winter it has a heaver grey-brown to blue-grey coat with a tail that is dark brown at the base then changing to black for 50% of its length. The antlers consist of two beams that are forked into smaller beams, which inturn fork again and again.

 

Appearance and Distribution of the Pest

The Whitetail deer are found throughout eastern United States, on the coast and inland but are not commonly seen in California, Utah or Nevada. They do not migrate but congregate together (yard up) during winter and feed in a part of their existing territory.

 

The Mule Deer are found in the western part of North America from South eastern Alaska to Mexico and from the Pacific coast to Texas. They migrate from highland mountain meadows to southern or lower snow free forested valleys during winter.

 

The Blacktail deer are found on the Pacific coast from Alaska to northern California. There is both resident and migratory Blacktails. The  migratory Blacktails move southwards during late autumn at the first sigh of snow or heavy sustained rain and the resident Blacktails seek cover their existing territory amongst woodlands during the winter months.  

 

Life Cycle

All Deer breed from autumn to early winter and the does give birth from late spring to early summer.

 

Period of Activity

Deer are most active from spring to autumn but can be troublesome during winter when the feed is scarce. In some regions urban landscapes become the major food source both in summer and winter.

 

Damage Caused

Browsing deer will feed on almost any plant and is most commonly noticeable during spring feeding on the new growth or twigs and stems leaving a shredded appearance. Deer also rub their antlers against trees damaging bark and snapping off small branches, this action also incurs damage under hoof as plants, lawns and garden structures are trampled on.

 

Susceptible Plants

Some plants are more palatable to deer but when a deer is hungry or during drought conditions there are no "Deer Proof" plants. There is a range of plants that have a bad taste and are not destroyed and are regarded as (deer resistant plants). Deer resistant plants are the plants that are attached to this file not the susceptible plants.

 

Cultural Control

There are many cultural controls that have been tried to move browsing deer such as frightening them with strobe lights, pyrotechnics or tethered savage dogs. These actions are only temporary and may cause more trouble as the stampeding animals move off. Fencing and netting can be an effective method of discouraging hungry deer from gardens but may be expensive on a large scale and require maintenance. There are several types of fences which include conventional 2.2m (8 ft) deer-proof woven wire fences or single-wire electric fences and slanted deer fences. Plant selection can also be effective, by using less desirable plants (deer resistant plants) as an outer border to the more desirable plant species and  thus discouraging the deer to enter the garden. Hedges and windrows of less desirable thorny plants can also be a deterrent to browsing deer.

 

Chemical Control

There are two main types of repellents contact and area. Contact repellents are applied directly to the plants and deter deer with a bad taste or smell. They can be applied by rubbing or spraying on to the plants and commonly used in an egg mixture. The commercial products have proven to work better than home remedies which include soap or chilli mixtures and hanging bags of human hair.

Area repellents rely on an offensive odour and are placed around areas that are frequently visited.

 

Contact your local distributor for available types and application.

DISEASE

   NAME

     Leaf Spot (General)

     Various Leaf Spot Species

Description

There is a wide variety of fungal leaf spots that infect perennials, shrub and trees. Some are specific to the host while others can affect a range of plants.

Symptoms

Generally light brown to purplish or blackish spots appear on the leaf and form concentric rings of fruiting bodies. The spots may leave holes, perforating the leaf or expand with pale green to yellowish margins and when the holes merge the leaf normally dies. There are many different types of leaf spot, some are discussed below.

Alocasia species     

Alternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria nelumbii) forms a small reddish brown spots that are boarded in light green, and as they develop in size the leaf curls and dies from the margin inwards. Normally occurs on Nelumbo species (water lilies).

Helminthosporium Disease

Helminthosporium Disease (Bipolris species), (Drechslera species) and (Exserophilum species) are responsible for several leaf spots that occur on all Turf Grass species. Generally they form black or white spots that may be faded and produce masses of spores in the thatch during late summer, under humid conditions. The life cycle is short and when conditions are favourable spores are splashed onto the foliage from the thatch, causing wide spread infection. Cynodon dactylon (common couch) is most susceptible and found in bowling or golf greens where it is a serious problem.

Banana Leaf Spot     

Banana Leaf Spot (Mycosphaerella musicola) is found on many species of banana causing pale yellow streaks on the young leaves to turn brown with dark spots. The leaf then becomes dried, brown and dead commencing from the margins, eventually the leaf dies. Control requires removal of infected foliage or the spraying of a fungicide and fungicides should not be used during the fruiting period.

                  Lophostemon confertus (Brush Box)

Leaf Spot on Brush Box (Elsinoe species). This is a casual fungus that attacks the epidermal layer of the leaf, forming circular spots that are up to 25mm across and are often restricted by the main vein.  These spots are a dull yellowish brown but can also have purplish patterns.  A leaf may have more than one spot develop on its surface and normally appears on scattered leaves throughout the tree.  This doesn't affect the vigour of Lophostemon confertus.

Palm Leaf-scab (Graphiola phoeicis) appears as yellow spots and develop into scabs or warts that are outwards hard and dark but with a soft centre with powdery yellowish brown spores. The infected leaves eventually die.

Palm Leaf Spot, Chamaedorea elegans

Palm Leaf Spot (Pestaloptiopsis species) appears as a small spot with a dark centre on the leaves and affects palms that are growing in shaded humid positions and normally control is not required, though infected fronds should be removed.

Source and Dispersal

Infection source is other contaminated plants and the spores are spread by wind or by splashing water.  The fruiting bodies are black spots that appear on the damaged tissue releasing spores.

Favoured Conditions

This fungus prefers a warm humid environment and leafy plants with soft new growth, particularly if they are crowded.

        

Affected Plants

There are many ornamental and native plants that are hosts to a wide range of fungal leaf spots. Some specific ones are listed below. Plants such as Cornus or Paeonia species are infected by a large variety of leaf spots, while other plants attract a specific leaf spot.

Generally a healthy plant can tolerate fungal leaf spot attack, though it may make the plant look unsightly. In trees and shrubs it is difficult to control and generally not necessary, but in perennials and annuals control may be necessary in order to save the plant.

Acalypha and Arctotis species are infected by up to three leaf spots including (Cercospora acalyphae) and (Ramularia acalyphae) that rarely require control.

Acer species are infected by Purple Eye (Phyllosticta minima) which forms spots with brownish centres and purplish margins causing the death of the leaves.

Acer species are also infected by Tar Spot (Rhytisma acerinum) which forms round black spots that have yellow margins. Not normally seen on cultivated trees, but seen in forests.

Adiantum, Asplenium, Blechnum, Cyathea, Davallia, Nephrolepis, Platycerium, Polypodium and Pteris species are infected by the leaf spot (Pseudocercopora species) which forms circular brown spots on the fronds and heavy infection can defoliate a plant.

Aesculus species are occasionally infected with the leaf spot (Septoria hippocastani) which forms small brown spots.

Agave species are susceptible to the leaf spot (Coniothyrium concentricum), which appear as greyish spots up to 20mm (1in) across with concentric rings and black fruiting bodies. Affected leaves are destroyed as the infection spreads.

Albizia julibrissin is susceptible to the fungal leaf spot (gloeosporium aletridis), which does not normally require control.

Amelanchler, Chaenomeles, Crataegus and Rhaphiolepis species Mespilus germanica are infected by the leaf spot (Fabraea maculata) which may cause considerable damage during wet periods.

Aquilegia species can be infected by three types of Leaf Spot including (Ascochyta aquilegiae), (Cercospora aquilegiae) and (Septoria aquilegiae), normally appearing during humid conditions forming spots on the leaves.

Arbutus species are infected by two leaf spots (Septoria Unedonis) which produces small brown spots on the leaves and (Elsinoe mattirolianum).

Arctostaphylos manzanita is infected by the leave spot (Cryptostictis arbuti) which damages leaves but is not normally detrimental to the shrub.

Aspidistra species are infected by the leaf spot (Colletotrichum omnivorum) causing whitish spots on the leaves and petiole.

Aster species are infected by many leaf spots including (Alternaria species), (Cercosporella cana), ( Ovularia asteris) and (Septoria asteris).

Aucuba species are infected by several leaf spots, usually as a secondary infection after aphid attack. These include (Phyllosticta aucubae) and (Phyllostica aucubae).

                     Azalea

Azalea (Rhododendron species) are susceptible to Leaf Scorch (Septoria azalea). This fungal disease forms reddish- brown spots which expand and engulf the leaf, with fruiting bodies appearing in the centre. Infected leaves die, then fall and the branchlets wilt. This problem is more serious during wet periods and may require control using a fungicide.

Banksia robur

Banksia species are infected by several leaf spots causing chlorotic areas that have brown centres and is not normally a major problem for the plant.

Betula species may be infected by the Leaf Spots (Gloeosporium betularum) that forms brown spots with darker margins and (Cylindrosporium betulae) that also forms brown spots with faded indefinite margins.

Bougainvillea species are infected by the leaf spot (Cercosporidium bougainvilleae) which forms rounded spots with dark margins that yellowish ting. Infected leaves die and fall from the plant.

Calendula species are infected by the Leaf Spot (Cercospora calendulae) which rapidly infects the plant spotting the leaves and killing the plant.

Callicarpa species may be infected by the leaf spot (Atractilina callicarpae) forming irregular brownish spot or (Cercospora callicarpae) which can defoliate the plant in subtropical climates.

Campsis species may be infected by several fungal leaf spots including (Phyllosticta tecomae), (Septoria tecomae) and (Cercospora duplicata).

Carpinus species are infected by the leaf spots (Gloeosporium robergei), (Gnomoniella fimbriata) and (Septoria carpinea), all are minor infections not normally requiring control.

Carya species are infected by several leaf spots including (Gnomonia caryae) that infects leaves with irregular reddish spots on the upper surface with corresponding brown spore producing spots on the underside. It also has a secondary spore release that occurs on the dead leaves where it over winters. Other leaf spots include (monochaetia desmazierii) and (Marssonina juglandis).

Ceanothus species are susceptible to the leaf spot (Cercospora ceanothi) and (Phyllosticta ceanothi) both are of minor importance not requiring control.

Celtis species are infected by many leaf spots including (Cercosporella celtidis), (Cylindrosporium celtidis), (Phleospora celtidis) and (Septogloeum celtidis).

Chrysanthemums species are infected by the leaf spot (Septoria species) which forms yellow spots appear toward the edge of the leaves; these become enlarged brownish patches with yellow margins.  Damaged areas may converge and in severe attacks and the leaves may fall prematurely or flower production is reduced.

Clematis species are infected by the fungal disease (Ascochyta clematidina) which may cause stem rot or leaf spots that are water soaked areas with reddish margins. The infection spreads from the leaves to the stem causing wilting and eventually girdling the stem killing the plant. There are many fungal leaf spots that infect this plant including (Cercospora rubigo) and (Septoria clematidis)

Dracaena deremensis

Cordyline and Dracaena species may be infected by the leaf spot (Phyllosticta maculicola) which forms small brownish spots that have yellowish margins and has black fruiting bodies that forms coils of spores. These plants are also susceptible to other leaf spots such as (Glomerella cincta) and (Phyllosticta dracaaaenae). Keep foliage dry to avoid infection.

Cynodon dactylon,  Pennisetum clandestinum and many other Turf Grasses are susceptible to Helminthosporium Disease.

Daphne species are infected by the leaf spot (Gloeosporium mezerei) and (Marssonina daphnes) both of which form thickish brown spots that are seen on both sides of the leaves. Infected leaves turn yellowish before dieing.

Dendranthema species are infected by many leaf spots such as (Septoria chrysanthemi) which first forms yellowish spots up to 25mm (1in) across that become black. Infected leaves die prematurely and persist on the plant.

Dianthus species may be infected by the leaf spot (Septoria dianthi). It forms light brown rounded spots that have a purplish border. The scattered spots on the lower leaves can also be found on the stems and the spores are dispersed by water from the tiny black fruiting bodies.

Dieffenbachia species are infected by several leaf spot fungi including (Cephalosporium species) and (Myrothecium species).

Eucalyptus species

Eucalyptus species are infected by many fungal leaf spots such as (Mycosphaeralla species), (Hendersonia species) and (Monocheatia monochaeta). Generally leaf spots appear on the juvenile or new leaves causing brownish spots that enlarge and may have a purplish halo around the margin.  Mature adult leaves are not normally infected and the trees rarely require control measures.

Fern species are infected by the leaf spot, (Alternaria polypodii). This fungus appears as brown circular or oblong spots that congregate along the margins of the pinnae causing the fronds to turn brown and die.  It is spread by wind currents from plant to plant and control methods include removing infected fronds and maintaining a drier atmosphere.

Ficus species are infected by various fungal leaf spot including (Pseudocercospora species). Generally the fungal attack forms circular or irregular dark coloured spots on the leaves eventually causing them to fall prematurely.

Ficus elastica is susceptible to many fungal leaf spots including (Alternaria species), (Leptostromella elastica) and (Phyllosticta roberti).

                    Strawberry

Fragaria x ananassa (Strawberry) is infected by the fungal leaf spot (Mycospharella fragariae). The mature leaf is initially infected with well defined brown spots that that turn light grey with red-purplish margins. As the spots merge they form large brown blotches and the leaf turns yellow then dies. This fungal attack normally occurs on plants in poor health and can be a serious problem early in the season seriously damaging stock.

Fraxinus species

Fraxinus species are infected by the leaf spot (Gloeosporium aridum) giving the leaf a scorched appearance as large blotches appear from the margin or apex and turn brown with a papery texture. It is more prevalent during rainy periods and infected leaves fall prematurely. Collect and depose of fallen leaves otherwise control is not normally required.

Fuchsia species may be infected by the leaf spot (Septoria species) or ( Cercospora species), both form spots with dead centres and dark margins.

Gladiolus species are infected by Hard Rot or Leaf Spot (Septoria gladioli). On the corms reddish brown circular water soaked spots become large and sunken. These areas dry out and form obvious margins. The leaves may also have these symptoms but is not commonly seen.

Hemerocallis species are infected by several leaf spots including (Cercospora hemerocallis) and (Heterosporium iridis). These may be in the form of black spots or brownish spots that converge killing the leaf. Infected leaves should be removed and burnt.

Hibiscus species

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus syriacus and Hibiscus tiliaceus are susceptible to several fungal leaf spots including (Ascochyta abelmoschi), (Cerospora kellermanii) and (Phyllosticta hibiscina). All cause spotting or blotching of the leaf surface; remove and destroy infected parts.

Hydrangea species are infected by four fungal species including (Ascochyta hydrangeae), (Phyllosticta hydrangeae) and (Septoria hydrangeae).

Iris species are infected by several fungal leaf spots including (Alternaria iridicola) and (Macosphaerella species).

Iris species are also infected by the leaf spot (Didymellina macrospore) that forms greyish spots with brown water soaked borders and coalesce on the upper part of the leaf. This casual organism commonly occurs after flowering killing the leaves but will not infect the bulbs. The bulbs become weak over several seasons due to the decreased foliage.

There is also a Bacterial Leaf Spot (Bacterium tardicrescens) that is commonly mistaken as a fungal problem causing translucent spots that coalesce and involve the entire leaf. Normally found on Iris species.

Laburnum anagyroides is infected by the Leaf Spot (Phyllosticta cytisii). The leaf forms light grey spots with no definite margin and mature to brown. The black fruiting bodies appear as dots in the centre of the spot.

Leucanthemum species are infected by the leaf spot (Cerocspora chrysanthemi) and (Septoria leucanthemi).

Magnolia species are susceptible to many species including (Alternaria tenuis), (Mycosphaerella milleri) and (Phyllosticta species). Leaves generally turn brown from the apex or margins turning brown or spots appear on the leaf surface and leaves become yellow before withering and dieing. Normally the make the tree look poorly but have little effect on its growth. Control is not normally required.

Nerium oleander is susceptible to several fungal leaf spots including (Cercospora nerella), (Cercospora repens), (Gloesporium species) and (Phyllosticta nerii). Infected leaves should be removed but generally control is not required.

Nyssa sylvatica is infected by the leaf spot (Mycosphaerella nyssaecola) forming irregular purplish blotches.

Orchids such as Cattleya, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, Dendrobium, Epidendrum, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis and Zygopetalum species are infected by several leaf spots including (Cerospora, Colletotrichum and Phyllosticta species). Normally forming dark or dead, circular or irregular areas on the leaves.

Palms such as Syagrus, Howea, Phoenix, Roystonea and Washingtonia species are infected by Leaf-scab (Graphiola phoeicis).

Palms such as Archontophoenix, Caryota, Chamaedorea, Cocos, Dypsis, Howea, Liculia, Linospadix, Livistona, Phoenix, Ptychosperma, Rhapis, Roystonea, Syagrus, Washingtonia and Wodyetia species are susceptible to several fungal leaf spots including;

(Bipolaris spp.), (Cylindrocladium spp.), (Colletotrichum spp.) and (Pestalotiopsis spp.).

Generally the circular leaf spots are brown and may have a yellow halo such as Palm Ring Spot (Bipolaris incurvata). They vary in size from small to large depending on the species. When a plant is healthy it recovers from attack, but heavy infections can defoliate, causing the collapse of the plant.

Palms are also infected by the Brachybasidium Leaf Spot (Brachybasidium pinangae). This fungus forms angular leaf lesions that produce fruiting bodies on the underside and is commonly found on Archontophoenix species.

                  Archontophoenix cunninghamiana

Passiflora species are infected with many types of leaf spot such as (Alternaria passiflorae).

Phoenix species are susceptible to False Smut (Graphiola phoenicis). This fungus forms yellow leaf spots that become hard with a raised with a blackish scab, which produces masses of powdery spores that are thread-like.

                  Pittosporum species

Pittosporum species are susceptible to the leaf spots (Alternaria tenuissima), (Phyllostica species) and (Cercospora pittospori). Circular or angular dark spots appear on the leaves and are surrounded by necrotic areas that are yellowish. Generally removal of infected leaves is adequate control.

Poa species and other cool season grasses are infected by Winter Fusarium Leaf Disease (Fusarium species), which causes small pale spots that are water soaked to appear on the leaves that turn red-brown. Infected leaves become bleached then wither and die, but the infection will not affect the crown or roots of the plant. It can be identified by pink, cotton-like mycelium and the plant prefers cold wet weather.

Populus species are infected by several fungal leaf spots including (Ciborinia bifrons, Ciborinia confundens), and (Mycosphaerella populicola).

Prunus species are infected by several leaf spots including (Cercospora circumscissa and Septoria ravenelii).

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir is infected by the Leaf Cast (Rhabdocline pseudotsugae) Symptoms include the needles becoming yellowish at the apex and extending down the needle and spreading to others during moist spring weather turning them brown. Brownish scorched areas are noticeable on the tree from a distance. Control; is not normally required for mature trees but nursery stock may require spraying with a copper based fungicide.  

Psidium guajava (Guava) is infected by (Glomerella cingulate). This fungus courses spots to appear on leaves and mummifies and blackens immature fruit or rots mature fruit.  This fungus can devastate a guava crop.  

Quercus species are infected by several types of leaf spot including (Cylindrosporium microspilum) and (Marssonina martini). These attacks tend top take place later in the season and normally not detrimental to the tree.

Rhododendron species are infected by a large variety of fungal leaf spots including (Cercospora rhododendri) and (lophodermium melaleucum)

Salix species are infected by several fungal leaf spots including (Ascochyta salicis) and (Septogloeum salicinum).

Senecio species are infected by the fungal leaf spot (Alternaria cinerariae) and (Cercospora species), forming dark rounded or angular spots.

Spiraea species are attacked by the fungal leaf spot (Cylindrosporium filipendulae).

Stenotaphrum secundatum (Buffalo) turf grass is susceptible to Grey Leaf Spot (Pyricularia grisea) in domestic and commercial situations devastating lawns. This fungal disease infects the stems and leaves with small brown lesions that enlarge rapidly forming grey-brown spots that have darker borders or surrounded by yellow chlorotic areas. This infection is commonly found on newly laid turf but will also infect established lawns. It is most prevalent during warm humid periods in soil with a high nitrogen level.

Syringa species are attacked by up to six species of leaf spot including (Cercospora lilacis) and (Phyllostica species).

Syzygium species

Syzygium species are infected by fungal leaf spots but normally control is not required.

Tagetes species are infected by the leaf spot (Septoria tageticola), which starts at the base and moves progressively up through the plant, covering the leaves in grey to black spots.

Trillium species are host to several leaf spots, including (Colletotrichum peckii) (Gloeosporium Trillii) (Heterosporium trillii).

Ulmus species are infected by many fungal leaf spots including (Gnomonia ulmea) and (Cercospora sphaeriaeformis).

Veronica species are infected by the leaf spot (Septoria veronicae). The symptoms include small violet to brown spots appear on the upper surface of the leaf and correspondingly yellowish brown on the underside. The spots converge forming a scorched shot-hole appearance and eventually death of the leaf.

Vaccinium ovatum

Vaccinium ovatum is infected by the leaf spot (Rhytisma vaccinii) and (Dothichiza caroliniana).

Vicia species are infected by the leaf spot (Erostrotheca multiformis), which forms greyish spots that enlarge and may defoliate the plant.

Wisteria species are infected by three fungal leaf spots (Phyllostica wisteriae), (Septoria wisteriae) and (Phomatospora wisteriae).

Non-chemical Control

Remove and destroy infected plant material and avoid overhead watering.  When planting select infection resistant varieties. Practice crop rotation and add pot ash to the soil to decrease the plants venerability to the disease. Many species of fungus overwinter in fallen leaves, remove and destroy any litter under the plant.  

Winter Fusarium Leaf Disease in Turf Grasses can be minimised by aerating the soil, reducing thatch and avoid excessive nitrogen in the soil.

Chemical Control

Protective fungicides such as zineb or copper oxychloride should be sprayed at the first sign of infection and cuttings should be sprayed as they start to grow.

Note

Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.

DISEASE

   NAME

     Bacterial Rot

     Various Bacterial Species

Description

Bacterial problem associated with water soaked strips on the leaves, stem, roots, fruit or flower. Bacterial wilts produce causative slime that clogs the water-conductive tissue of a plant.

Symptoms

Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas mori) forms water soaked spots on the leaves and shoots, becoming sunken and turning black causing the leaves and twigs to wilt and die.

There is also a Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv pisi) that infects legumes during humid weather with water soaked spots on the leaves and stems near the base. The spots become dark and as the stem shrivels, yellow lesions appear. Leaves and fruit pods turn brown and die.

Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas viburni) forms wet spots that enlarge becoming brown and sunken. These spots can be seen on the leaves and young stems and the bacteria overwinter in buds or in cankers. It is found on Viburnum species.

Bacterial Wilt (Xanthomonas species) infects palms causing the lower fronds to wilt then turn grey-brown and die. This is followed by the crown becoming spongy (rotted) attacking the vascular tissues and eventually causing the collapse of the crown. There is also a Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas species) that causes spots on leaves with water-soaked margins and is found on Alocasia species.

Bacterial Wilt

Bacterial Wilt (Pseudomonas solancearum biovar 1 and 3). This disease initially turns the youngest leaves pail-green to yellow; they then wilt turn brown and die. It eventually affects the entire plant and is found on Heliconia species.

                  Black Rot or Bacterial Wilt

Black Rot or Bacterial Wilt (Xanthomonas campestris) is a bacteria rot that infects the leaves and seedlings of Cruciferous vegetables causing 'V' shaped pale yellow blotches to appear, normally infection occurs along the margin of the leaf or through damaged areas of the leaf. It also causes the flower head to become stunted and the veins or water conducting tubes in the leaves and stems to turn brown or blackish. Heavy infections cause the plant to wilt and die.

Bud Rot (Xanthomonas cannae) infects young leaves and flower buds of Canna species, killing them. Small whitish spots appear as the leaves or buds open, these enlarge then run together turning black. The symptoms also extend to the petioles and stems forming yellowish water soaked areas and the bacterium overwinters in the rhizomes.

Halo Blight of Beans (Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola) forms water soaked or greasy angular spots on the pods or stems of the host. This causes the plants to yellow and become stunted. During humid weather a white slime is exuded from the damaged areas.

Soft Rot (Pecotbacterium carotovorum) affects bulbs, initially stops flowers from blooming or forming correctly. These flowers are shed, and the plant rots at the base causing it to collapse. On inspection of the bulbs a white foul smelling viscous smell is associated with a soft rot.

Wetwood (Erwinia nimipressuralis) causes wilting and branch dieback in Ulmus species. The wood forms dark water soaked areas with no obvious streaking in the outer sapwood.

Yellow Rot in Iris

Yellow Rot (Xanthomonas hyacinthi) is a bacterial disease infects the cell walls of the leaf, stem and bulbs and caused yellowish water soaked areas to appear. These areas become brown and shrivel, or pockets of rot appear, soon engulfing the entire bulb. The disease may start from the leaf down or from the bulb up infecting the whole plant. A cross section reveals vascular tissue that is choked with yellowish slime. Infected plants soon brown off, collapse and die.

Source and Dispersal

The bacterium is found in infected plant material and not necessarily the soil and is spread by splashing water, wind or infected stock.

Favoured Conditions

It prefers warm moist conditions normally during spring.

        

Affected Plants

These bacteria attack many plants including; onions, Hyacinth species and its varieties, this can be a major problem in bulb nurseries.

Vegetables such as potatoes are also infected by blight which forms dark brownish spots on the leaves that become larger, eventually killing them and followed by lesions on the stems. The roots are infected by falling spores and peas suffer from a bacterial blight that forms spongy leaves with dark brown edges. The leaves and stem shrivel and die.

Strelitzia nicolai

Archontophoenix and Strelitzia species are susceptible to the Bacterial Wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum). The leaves become yellowish and brownish along the margins causes the fronds to wilt and dry out. The vascular tissue in the stems then becomes blackish and the plant dies prematurely.

Berberis species are infected by the Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas berberidis) forming irregular dark green water soaked areas that turn purplish brown. It also infects young shoots and petioles or damaged areas.

Bougainvillea and Limonium species are infected by the Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas andropogonis) which forms orange angular spots that are lighter in the centre and cause the leaves to fall prematurely. It is most common in tropical regions.

Caryota mitis (Clumping Fish Tail Palm) is infected by the Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas avenea). The symptoms include water soaked translucent areas along the leaf veins that mature to brown then black with a chlorotic halo that is up to 2 mm wide by 50 mm long.  Leaves of all ages are infected and immature leaves are more severely infected.

Control methods include eliminating overhead watering, removing infected foliage and improve air circulation around the plant.

Caryota mitis

Cheiranthus species and other plants in the Brassicaceae family are infected by the Bacterial Wilt (Xanthomonas campertris) causing the leaves to wilt, turn yellow and die. It also stunts the inflorescence and turns the phloem and xylem blackish. Other plants that are infected include, Arabis, Armoracia, Aubrieta, Brassica, Hesperis, Iberis, Lobularia and Mathiola species.

Corylus species are infected by Blight ((Xanthomonas corylina) that attacks the leaves and branches.

Delphinium species are infected by several leaf spots including the bacterial disease Black Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas delphinii) which produces irregular tar-like spots on the upper surface of the leaf with corresponding brownish areas on the underside. This infection may extent down the petiole to the twigs. It normally occurs during cool weather affecting the lower leaves first.

Dianthus species are infected by the Bacterial Wilt (Pseudomonas caryophylli) which turns the leaves greyish, then yellowish before dieing. Yellowish streaks are also seen on the stems.

Dieffenbachia species are infected by two Bacterial Leaf Spots (Erwinia species) and (Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae). Both form yellowish spots that turn brown on the leaves that have water-soaked margins.

Eschscholtzia species are infected bt the Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas papavericola) which forms tiny black spots that are water soaked and may be ringed.

Euphorbia pulcherrima is infected by Bacterial Canker (Corynebacterium poinsettiae) which forms streaks on the green stems that are water-soaked. The leaves may also be affected producing spots or blotches.

Gladiolus, Crocus and Freesia species are susceptible to Bacterial Scab (Pseudomonas marginata). This disease attacks the corms by forming slightly raised yellowish lesions that develops a raised rim with a soft sunken centre, producing bacterial exudate. It also infects the leaves with small reddish spots appearing towards the lower part. These spots merge and destroy the basic cell structure (parenchyma tissue) in the petioles causing the leaves to fold downwards, eventually killing the plant.

Hedera helix is susceptible to the Bacterial Leaf Spot or Stem Canker (Xanthomonas hederae). This infection commences with pale green water soaked spots or areas appearing on the leaves. These areas than become brown-black and dry with reddish margins, eventually engulfing the leaf causing it to shrivel. The bacterium then extends along the twigs and into the stems causing cankers. Several Fungal leaf spots develop simular symptoms and may be difficult to distinguish the difference. Generally avoid high humid temperatures and water plants at the base.

          Hedera helix

Morus species are infected by Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas mori).

Orchids such as Cattleya, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, Dendrobium, Epidendrum, Oncidium, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis and Zygopetalum species are infected by Bacterial Brown Rot (Pseudomonas cattleya) which forms water-soaked leaf spots that turn brown. Phalaenopsis species are particularly susceptible.

Caryota species are susceptible to Bacterial Leaf Blight (Pseudomonas albopercipitans). This disease forms elongated water soaked areas on the fronds that are translucent at first becoming blackish.  

Roystonea regia, Cocos nucifera and Phaseolus  species are infected by Bacterial Wilt (Xanthomonas species).

Tropaeolum species are infected by Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas aptata) forming spots and rotting the leaves. They are also infected by the Bacterial Wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) which gains access through damaged roots or through the stomates, causing yellowing, wilting and the death of the plant.

Zinnia species are attacked by Bacterial Wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum).

Non-chemical Control

Remove and destroy any infected plants. As a preventive measure cultivate the surrounding soil to improve drainage, aeration and minimise weed growth. Do not over water and allow the soil surface to dry before rewatering. When handling the plants pick a dry period and take care to minimise damage.

At first sigh of infection the plant should be removed and disposed off and avoid replanting susceptible vegetables such as peas for up to three years.

Chemical Control

There is no satisfactory chemical control. It is important to take preventive measures.

Note

Always read the label for registration details and direction of use prior to application of any chemicals.